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Table 3 Results of generalized additive models of hospital-based childbirth by country

From: Too poor or too far? Partitioning the variability of hospital-based childbirth by poverty and travel time in Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania

 

Kenya

Malawi

Nigeria

Tanzania

Approximate significance of smooth terms

EDF

REF DF

p-value

EDF

REF DF

p-value

EDF

REF DF

p-value

EDF

REF DF

p-value

Wealth index × travel time (\( \sqrt[3]{\mathrm{hours}} \))

6.48

7.31

< 0.001

10.71

24.00

< 0.001

11.77

24.00

< 0.001

8.37

24.00

< 0.001

Maternal age at birth (years)

2.36

2.96

< 0.001

2.89

9.00

< 0.001

2.54

9.00

< 0.001

3.79

6.00

< 0.001

Parametric coefficients of linear terms

EST

SE

p-value

EST

SE

p-value

EST

SE

p-value

EST

SE

p-value

Maternal education (years)

0.06

0.01

< 0.001

0.03

0.01

< 0.001

0.09

0.00

< 0.001

−0.05

0.01

< 0.001

Birth order

− 0.28

0.02

< 0.001

− 0.12

0.02

< 0.001

−0.10

0.01

< 0.001

−0.16

0.03

< 0.001

Random effects

EDF

REF DF

p-value

EDF

REF DF

p-value

EDF

REF DF

p-value

EDF

REF DF

p-value

Survey cluster

515

1052

< 0.001

482

609

< 0.001

575

701

< 0.001

319

481

< 0.001

Mean of predicted probability

of hospital birth (%)

33.2

32.7

26.6

29.6

  1. EST Estimate, SD Standard error, EDF Estimated degrees of freedom, REF DF Reference degrees of freedom