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Table 2 Summary statistics in study countries

From: Too poor or too far? Partitioning the variability of hospital-based childbirth by poverty and travel time in Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania

 

Kenya

Malawi

Nigeria

Tanzania

DHS survey year

2014

2015/16

2013

2015/16

Number of DHS clusters

1585

828

889

527

Number of DHS clustersa<5 h from a hospital

1573

828

889

521

Number of livebirths included in the final analysisb

19,463

17,384

31,828

8317

Year of master facility list data

2015

2013

2010–2014

2016

Number of hospitals in the master facility list

485

116

3787

265

Number of geo-referenced hospitals

480

115

3787

265

Travel time to the nearest hospital in minutes

 Mean (standard deviation)

26.6 (40.5)

30.9 (28.5)

25.2 (33.5)

61.7 (58.4)

 Median (interquartile range)

12.7 (4.1–29.8)

24.9 (10.7–40.7)

14.2 (3.7–34.1)

45.1 (16.9–87.9)

 Maximum

291.2

268.3

293.9

296.0

Percentage distribution of place of childbirth among livebirths included in the final analysisb

Hospital

Government sector

30.3

27.4

14.1

23.0

Non-government sector

9.1

7.9

13.0

8.3

Other health facilities

Government sector

15.8

51.4

8.5

27.1

Non-government sector

6.1

4.8

0.2

3.6

Not in a health facility (own/TBA/other home)

37.2

7.1

63.2

37.9

Unknown/missing

1.5

1.5

1.0

0.0

Total percentage of hospital childbirth

39.4

35.3

27.1

31.4

Total percentage of facility childbirth

61.3

91.4

35.8

62.1

  1. TBA Traditional birth attendant
  2. a Excluding Likoma Island in Malawi (22 DHS clusters) and Zanzibar in Tanzania (81 DHS clusters), and DHS clusters without geographic coordinates (9 in Kenya and 7 in Nigeria)
  3. b The final analysis comprised livebirths from geo-referenced survey clusters < 5 h from a hospital, and with the same residence at the time of survey and birth (where data was available)