Table 7 Best bicycle-difference scenario mixed-effects models for each health unit level. Beta coefficient estimate (Estimate), Standard Error (SE), Confidence Interval (CI), t-statistic (t), and p-value (p) reported for each fixed effect. Variance (σ²), between subject variance (τ₀₀), and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) reported for random effects of each model. Mean Average Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) reported as prediction accuracy assessments for each model

(Intercept)

−55.42

3.35

−61.99 –−48.86

−16.54

< 0.001

−40.55

2.64

−45.72 –−35.38

−15.38

< 0.001

Poverty

− 101.74

5.83

− 113.17 –−90.31

−17.44

< 0.001

−84.59

4.54

−93.48 –−75.69

−18.64

< 0.001

Population Density

95.74

5.89

84.19–107.30

16.24

< 0.001

91.61

4.59

82.62–100.60

19.97

< 0.001

Interaction

188.73

26.81

136.18–241.29

7.04

< 0.001

221.43

20.86

180.54–262.32

10.61

< 0.001

σ²

τ₀₀

ICC

MAE

RMSE

R2

Estimate

SE

CI

t

p

Estimate

SE

CI

t

p

(Intercept)

−91.24

3.84

−98.76 – −83.71

−23.76

< 0.001

− 174.03

9.37

− 192.39 –− 155.67

−18.58

< 0.001

Poverty

− 123.33

8.06

− 139.12 –−107.54

−15.31

< 0.001

− 228.60

15.24

− 258.47 –− 198.73

− 15.00

< 0.001

Population Density

151.75

8.00

136.08–167.43

18.97

< 0.001

194.28

15.40

164.09–224.47

12.61

< 0.001

Interaction

−330.01

70.03

− 467.27 –−192.75

−4.71

< 0.001

σ²

τ₀₀

ICC

MAE

RMSE

R2

Estimate

SE

CI

t

p

Estimate

SE

CI

t

p

(Intercept)

− 354.7

15.21

− 384.52 – − 324.89

−23.32

< 0.001

− 1427.98

163.75

− 1748.93 –− 1107.04

−8.72

< 0.001

Poverty

− 341.30

42.98

−425.53 –− 257.07

−7.94

< 0.001

Population Density

706.79

25.92

655.98–757.59

27.27

< 0.001

326.25

43.40

241.19–411.31

7.52

< 0.001

Interaction

− 1360.50

196.74

− 1746.12 –− 974.89

−6.92

< 0.001

σ²

τ₀₀

ICC

MAE

RMSE

R2