Table 6 Best walking scenario mixed-effects models for each health unit level. Beta coefficient estimate (Estimate), Standard Error (SE), Confidence Interval (CI), t-statistic (t), and p-value (p) reported for each fixed effect. Variance (σ²), between subject variance (τ₀₀), and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) reported for random effects of each model. Mean Average Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) reported as prediction accuracy assessments for each model

(Intercept)

74.11

2.50

69.21–79.01

29.66

< 0.001

99.44

5.21

89.23–109.66

19.08

< 0.001

Poverty

102.20

8.56

85.43–118.98

11.94

< 0.001

203.81

10.07

184.07–223.54

20.24

< 0.001

Population Density

− 261.91

8.68

− 278.93 –− 244.90

−30.17

< 0.001

− 288.61

10.18

− 308.56 –− 268.66

−28.35

< 0.001

Interaction

− 628.20

39.88

− 706.36 –− 550.04

−15.75

< 0.001

− 725.85

46.34

− 816.67 –− 635.03

−15.66

< 0.001

σ²

τ₀₀

ICC

MAE

RMSE

R2

Estimate

SE

CI

t

p

Estimate

SE

CI

t

p

(Intercept)

198.92

7.25

184.71–213.13

27.44

< 0.001

357.85

17.55

323.46–392.24

20.39

< 0.001

Poverty

282.95

16.53

250.56–315.34

17.12

< 0.001

485.22

30.37

425.71–544.74

15.98

< 0.001

Population Density

− 431.04

16.72

− 463.80 – − 398.28

−25.79

< 0.001

− 523.27

30.13

− 582.32 – − 464.22

−17.37

< 0.001

Interaction

− 403.72

76.22

− 553.12 –− 254.32

−5.30

< 0.001

σ²

τ₀₀

ICC

MAE

RMSE

R2

Estimate

SE

CI

t

p

Estimate

SE

CI

t

p

(Intercept)

726.66

32.19

663.56–789.76

22.57

< 0.001

2806.11

326.60

2165.99–3446.23

8.59

< 0.001

Poverty

770.02

94.14

585.50–954.53

8.18

< 0.001

Population Density

− 1593.59

51.83

− 1695.18 –− 1492.00

−30.74

< 0.001

− 821.41

95.07

− 1007.74 –−635.07

−8.64

< 0.001

Interaction

1689.33

430.99

844.59–2534.06

3.92

< 0.001

σ²

τ₀₀

ICC

MAE

RMSE

R2