International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 The effect of co-occurrence of frailty on the catastrophic health expenditure among single empty-nest elderly with multimorbidity in rural Shandong, China,2019

From: Catastrophic health expenditure among single empty-nest elderly with multimorbidity in rural Shandong, China: the effect of co-occurrence of frailty

	Model 1 (No covariates)			Model 2 (Covariates)
Characteristic	OR	P-value	95%CI	OR	P-value	95%CI
Health states
None chronic condition	0.18	< 0.001	0.11–0.30	0.21	< 0.001	0.12–0.36
One chronic condition	0.47	< 0.001	0.32–0.71	0.51	0.003	0.33–0.79
Multimorbidity (ref)	1.0			1.0
Multimorbidity+ frailty	2.92	0.007	1.34–6.35	3.19	0.005	1.41–7.24
Sex
Male				1.0
Female				1.23	0.404	0.75–2.02
Age (Years)				1.05	0.003	1.01–1.08
Educational attainment
Illiterate				1.0
Primary school				1.01	0.957	0.67–1.52
Middle school or above				0.71	0.290	0.38–1.34
Household economic status^a
Low(Q1/Q2)				1.0
High(Q3/Q4)				1.20	0.353	0.82–1.77
Cigarette smoking
Never smoker				1.0
Current smoker				0.64	0.117	0.37–1.15
Former smoker				2.56	0.020	1.16–5.65
Alcohol drinking
No				1.0
Yes				0.52	0.017	0.31–0.89
Physical exercise
No				1.0
Yes				1.05	0.808	0.72–1.53
Inpatient service
No				1.0
Yes				2.98	< 0.001	1.87–4.75

^aUsing the quartile method, Quartile 1 (Q1) is the poorest and quartile 4 (Q4) is the richest

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