Table 4 Determinants of income-related health inequalities in the COVID-19 era

Continuous covariates

  Age in years

0.023***

0.212*

0.005

-4.08

(0.003)

(0.115)

(0.003)

  Years of schooling

0.057***

-0.033

-0.002

1.63

(0.005)

(0.129)

(0.007)

   Log of per capita household income

0.202***

-0.277**

-0.056**

45.67

(0.007)

(0.119)

(0.024)

Qualitative covariates

  Male (reference = female)

0.146***

0.015

0.002

-1.63

(0.030)

(0.037)

(0.005)

Race (reference = White)

  African

-0.286***

0.558***

-0.159***

129.67

(0.034)

(0.107)

(0.032)

  Coloured

0.028*

0.015

< 0.001

-0.08

(0.017)

(0.016)

(0.001)

  Asian

0.022*

0.007

< 0.001

-0.08

(0.013)

(0.006)

(0.000)

  Employed and earning income (reference = not employed/not earning income)

0.441***

-0.037

-0.016

13.05

(0.026)

(0.037)

(0.016)

Dwelling type (reference = formal dwelling)

  Traditional dwelling (e.g. hut)

-0.078***

-0.007

0.001

-0.82

(0.014)

(0.011)

(0.001)

  Informal dwelling (e.g. shack)

-0.075***

-0.009

0.001

-0.82

(0.020)

(0.018)

(0.001)

  Chronic illness (reference = no chronic illness)

-0.021

0.053**

-0.001

0.82

(0.022)

(0.021)

(0.001)

  Household experienced hunger (reference = no household experience of hunger)

-0.217***

0.051**

-0.011**

8.97

(0.021)

(0.024)

(0.005)

  Has breathing problem (reference = has no breathing problem)

0.005

0.031**

< 0.001

-0.08

(0.014)

(0.013)

(0.000)

  Has fever, sore throat or cough (reference = has none of these symptoms)

0.03

0.037**

0.001

-0.82

(0.019)

(0.017)

(0.001)

  Error

0.236***

(0.035)