Table 3 Quality assessment guidelines for quantitative studies
Author (year) | Country (City) | Design | Specific population | Definition urban space | Definition poverty/ vulnerability | Comparison group | Access measure | Nutritional outcomes | Controls for confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agarwal et al. (2009) [37] | India (Delhi) | Cross-sectional | Households | Slum | Household assets wealth index | Urban poor without food insecurity | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Akinboade & Adeyefa (2018) [38] | South Africa (Tshwane) | Cross-sectional | Households | Area within a city | Low income level | ✘ | Food security | ✘ | ✘ |
Appelhans, Waring, Schneider, & Pagoto (2014) [39] | United States (Chicago) | Cross-sectional | Households | City | Poverty line/ Poverty threshold | ✘ | Child dietary pattern | ✘ | ✓ |
Azambuja, Netto-Oliveira, Oliveira, Azambuja, & Rinaldi (2013) [40] | Brazil (Cruzeiro do Oeste) | Cross-sectional | Children 6 to 10 years old | City | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | ✘ | Overweight; obesity | ✓ |
Barosh, Friel, Engelhardt, & Chan (2014) [41] | Australia (Sydney) | Cross-sectional | Food retail stores | Area within a city | Area defined as poor; low income level | Urban non-poor | Food basket affordability | ✘ | ✘ |
Battersby & Peyton (2014) [42] | South Africa (Cape Town) | Geospatial | Food retail stores | City | Low income level | ✘ | Distribution of food retail stores | ✘ | ✘ |
Battersby (2019) [43] | Multi-site | Cross-sectional | Households | City | Area defined as poor | ✘ | Food security | ✘ | ✘ |
Belachew et al. (2012) [44] | Ethiopia (Jimma zone) | Longitudinal/Panel | Adolescents 13 to 17 years old | City | Low income level | Urban non-poor; semiurban poor; rural poor | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Birhane, Shiferaw, Hagos, & Mohindra (2014) [45] | Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) | Cross-sectional | Households | City | Low income level | Urban non-poor | Food security; dietary diversity | ✘ | ✓ |
de Souza Bittencourt, Chaves dos Santos, de Jesus Pinto, Aliaga, & de Cássia Ribeiro-Silva (2013) [46] | Brazil (Salvador) | Cross-sectional | Children 6 to 12 years old | Area within the city | Poverty line/ poverty threshold | Urban poor with different levels of food insecurity | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Castañeda-Castaneira, Ortiz-Pérez, Robles-Pinto, & Molina-Frechero (2016) [47] | Mexico (Mexico City) | Cross-sectional | Children from 6 to 11 years old | Area within a city | Low socioeconomic level | ✘ | Child dietary pattern | ✘ | ✘ |
Cavanagh, Jurkowski, Bozlak, Hastings, & Klein (2017) [48] | United States (New York City) | Case-control | Patients with obesity, hypertension and/or diabetes. | Area within a city | Poor area | Matched controls not receiving the program | ✘ | Body mass index | ✘ |
Chambers, Duarte, & Yang (2009) [49] | United States (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Dyad Mother-Child | City | Poor area | Urban poor with different levels of household instability (psychosocial and economic constraints) | ✘ | Obesity | ✓ |
Costa, Horta, & Ramos (2019) [50] | Brazil (Belo Horizonte) | Cross-sectional | Restaurant workers | City | Low income level | Urban non-poor | Food security | Overweight; obesity | ✓ |
Cunha, Sichieri, de Almeida, & Pereira (2011) [51] | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) | Cross-sectional | Adults 19 to 65 years old | Area within the city | Low income level | Urban poor with different dietary patterns | Dietary pattern | ✘ | ✓ |
Davies, Frausin, & Parry (2017) [52] | Brazil (Multi-site) | Geospatial | Cities within the Brazilian Amazon | City | Poor area | ✘ | Food retail stores | ✘ | ✘ |
Faye, Baschieri, Falkingham, & Muindi (2011) [53] | Kenya (Nairobi) | Longitudinal/ Panel | Households | Slums | Low income level | Urban non-poor | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Floro & Bali Swain (2013) [54] | Multi-site | Cross-sectional | Household | Slums | Poor area | Urban poor with different types of enterprises | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Garcia et al. (2018) [55] | United States (Baltimore) | Cross-sectional | Adult caregiver of 4 to 19-year-old children | City | Low income level | Urban non-poor | Dietary pattern | ✘ | ✓ |
Gundersen, Lohman, Eisenmann, Garasky, & Stewart (2008) [56] | United States (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Children 10 to 15 years old | City | Low income level | Urban non-poor, urban food secure | ✘ | Overweight | ✓ |
Jones & Charlton (2015) [57] | Republic of Vanuatu (Port Vila) | Cross-sectional | Household | City | Relative household expenditure | Urban non-poor | Fruit and vegetable affordability | ✘ | ✘ |
Kasper, Gupta, Tran, Cook, & Meyers (2000) [58] | United States (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Legal immigrants | City | Poverty line/ poverty threshold | Urban food secure | Food security | ✘ | ✘ |
Kirkpatrick & Tarasuk (2011) [59] | Canada (Toronto) | Cross-sectional | Households | City | Poverty line/ poverty threshold | Urban non-poor | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Lim, Zoellner, Ajrouch, & Ismail (2011) [60] | United States (Detroit) | Cohort | Adult caregiver of 3 to 5-year-old children | City | Poor area | Urban non-poor | ✘ | Change in weight category over time | ✓ |
Lohman, Stewart, Gundersen, Garasky, & Eisenmann (2009) [61] | United States (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Dyad caregiver- adolescents 10 to 15 years old | City | Poor area and Poverty line/ poverty threshold | Urban non-poor | ✘ | Overweight; obesity | ✓ |
Lopes, Sichieri, Salles-Costa, Veiga, & Pereira (2013) [62] | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) | Cross-sectional | Adolescents 12 to 18 years old | City | Low income level | Urban non-poor | Dietary patterns | Overweight; stunting | ✓ |
Manyanga et al. (2017) [63] | Multi-site | Cross-sectional | Children 9 to 11-year-old | City | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | Dietary patterns | ✘ | ✓ |
Martinez, Clark, & Gudzune (2019) [64] | United States (Baltimore) | Cross-sectional | Households | City | Housing condition | Urban without access to a vehicle | Food security; dietary pattern | ✘ | ✓ |
Martin-Fernandez, Grillo, Parizot, Caillavet, & Chauvin (2013) [65] | France (Paris) | Cross-sectional | Adults | Metropolitan area | Poverty line/ poverty threshold | Urban non-poor | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
McCordic & Abrahamo (2019) [66] | Mozambique (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Households | City | Household assets wealth index | Urban with different levels of food security | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Miller et al. (2008) [67] | United States (Chelsea) | Cross-sectional | Households | City | Food security | Urban food secure | ✘ | Overweight; obesity; underweight; anemia; high lead | ✘ |
Morton, Bitto, Oakland, & Sand (2008) [68] | United States (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Adults | Area within a city | Poor area | Rural poor | Coping strategies for food access | ✘ | ✘ |
Mutisya, Kandala, Ngware, & Kabiru (2015) [69] | Kenya (Nairobi) | Cohort | Dyad mother-Child 6 to 24 months old | Slum | Household assets wealth index | Urban with different levels of food security; urban with different levels of poverty | ✘ | Stunting | ✓ |
Nascimento-Ferreira et al. (2014) [70] | Brazil (Imperatriz) | Cross-sectional | Adolescent 14 to19 years old | City | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | ✘ | Abdominal obesity; overweight; obesity; high blood pressure | ✓ |
Odunitan-Wayas et al. (2018) [71] | South Africa (Cape Town) | Cross-sectional | Supermarket costumers | City | Poor area; Food security | Urban non-poor; Urban food secure | Purchase pattern; access to food retail stores; food environment perception | ✘ | ✓ |
Omidvar, Ghazi-Tabatabie, Sadeghi, Mohammadi, & Abbasi-Shavazi (2013) [72] | Iran (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Migrant women | City | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Ortiz-Hernández, Acosta-Gutiérrez, Núñez-Pérez, Peralta-Fonseca, & Ruiz-Gómez (2007) [73] | Mexico (Mexico City) | Cross-sectional | Elementary school students 4° to 6° grade | Area within a city | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | Dietary patterns | Obesity | ✓ |
Park et al. (2011) [74] | United States (New York City) | Cross-sectional | Female caregivers | Area within a city | Poor area | Urban non-poor | Dietary patterns | ✘ | ✓ |
Ponce, Ramirez, & Delisle (2006) [75] | Mexico (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Men 35 to 65 years old | City | Poor area | Urban non-poor; rural poor | Dietary diversity; Micronutrient adequacy score | ✘ | ✓ |
Ramsey, Giskes, Turrell, & Gallegos (2012) [76] | Australia (Brisbane) | Cross-sectional | Adults 25 to 45 years old | Area within a city | Low income level | Urban non-poor | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Rani et al. (2018) [77] | India (Varanasi) | Cross-sectional | Female adolescents | Slums | Low income level | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ |
Russell & Heidkamp (2011) [78] | United States (New Haven) | Geospatial | Food retail stores | City | Poor area | Urban non-poor. | Distribution of food retail stores | ✘ | ✘ |
Sarki, Robertson, & Parlesak (2016) [79] | Nepal (Lalitpur) | Cross-sectional | Dyad mother-child 0 to 5 years old | Area within a city | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | ✘ | Stunting; underweight; overweight; obesity | ✘ |
Shaw (2012) [80] | England (Birmingham) | Geospatial | Food retail stores that sell fresh produce | City | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | Distribution of food retail stores selling fresh produce | ✘ | ✘ |
Tsai & Rosenheck (2013) [81] | United States (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Homeless | City | Homelessness | ✘ | ✘ | Overweight; obesity | ✘ |
Vedovato et al. (2016) [82] | United States (Baltimore City) | Cross-sectional | Households | City | Poor area | Urban with different levels of food security | Food security | Overweight; obesity | ✓ |
Villamor et al. (2017) [83] | Multi-site | Cross-sectional | Households | Peri-urban area | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | ✘ | Metabolic syndrome | ✓ |
Vuong, Gallegos, & Ramsey (2015) [84] | Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh) | Cross-sectional | Household | Area within a city | Poverty line/ poverty threshold; Household assets wealth index | Urban non-poor | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Wagner et al. (2019) [85] | Multi-site | Cross-sectional | Households | Metropolitan area | Social vulnerability index; food security | Urban non-poor; urban with different levels of food security | Dietary pattern; household food sources | ✘ | ✘ |
Wang et al. (2012) [86] | China (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | Adults 18 to 74 years old | Area within a city | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | ✘ | Abdominal obesity; overweight; obesity | ✓ |
Whitaker & Orzol (2006) [87] | United States (Multi-site) | Cross-sectional | 3-year-old children | City | Poverty line/ poverty threshold | Urban non-poor. | ✘ | Obesity | ✓ |
Wrathall (2014) [88] | Multi-site | Longitudinal/ Panel | Country | Slums | Poor area | ✘ | ✘ | Obesity; body mass index | ✓ |
Yaemsiri, Olson, He, & Kerker (2012) [89] | United States (New York City) | Cross-sectional | Adults | Area within a city | Poverty line/ poverty threshold | ✘ | Food security | ✘ | ✓ |
Zhai, Xue, Luo, Zhang, & Cheng (2018) [90] | China (Chengdu) | Cross-sectional | Children 7 to 12 years old | City | Low socioeconomic level | Urban non-poor | ✘ | Overweight; obesity | ✓ |
Zhang & Debarchana (2016) [91] | United States (Hartford) | Geospatial | Food retail stores | City | Social vulnerability index | Urban non-poor | Distribution of food retail stores | ✘ | ✘ |