From: Projected impact of diabetes on the Costa Rican healthcare system
Characteristic, n = 2827 unless otherwise noted | Elderly populationa | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total | Non- diabetic | Diabetic | |
Sociodemographics | |||
Education: % with complete primary, | 49,0 | 49,6 | 46,8 |
Low income, 2799 | 40,6 | 40,7 | 40,2 |
Sex | |||
Male | 47,5 | 49,8 | 38,8*** |
Female | 52,5 | 50,3 | 61,2*** |
Age | |||
60–69 yrs | 53,8 | 53,5 | 54,7** |
70–79 yrs | 31,6 | 30,6 | 35,3*** |
80+ | 14,7 | 15,9 | 10,0*** |
Risk factors | |||
Waist circumference, 2632 | |||
Normal | 31,7 | 35,7 | 16,7*** |
Increased risk of metabolic complications | 23,2 | 23,7 | 21,3 |
Substantially increased risk of metabolic complications | 45,1 | 40,7 | 62,0*** |
Body Mass Index, 2698 | |||
Underweight | 3,3 | 4,0 | 0,6*** |
Normal | 28,5 | 31,4 | 17,2*** |
Overweight | 42,1 | 42,1 | 42,2** |
Obese | 26,1 | 22,5 | 40,0*** |
Behavioral health risks | |||
Smoking, 2810 | |||
Never | 35,7 | 36,0 | 34,7 |
Former active or passive smoker | 38,9 | 39,9 | 35,2** |
Current passive smoker | 13,8 | 13,1 | 16,5* |
Current active smoker | 11,6 | 11,0 | 13,7* |
Alcohol,2809 | |||
Never | 34,5 | 34,5 | 34,6 |
Former alcohol drinker | 29,7 | 30,9 | 24,9*** |
Current alcohol drinker | 35,8 | 34,6 | 40,4*** |
Calorie daily consumption > =3000, 2819 | 12,3 | 13,0 | 9,8 |
Regular physical activity | 31,3 | 33,8 | 22,0*** |
Geriatric Syndromes | |||
Polypharmacy 2219 | 34,1 | 27,1 | 53,7*** |
Functional dependency, 2822 | 11,8 | 11,6 | 12,7 |
Geriatric depression, 1769 | |||
Normal | 81,9 | 83,2 | 77,3* |
Mildly depressed | 11,8 | 11,1 | 14,3 |
Depressed | 6,3 | 5,7 | 8,3* |
Mean cost of health care (2011 USD) | |||
Cost of hospitalization | 827 | 745 | 1124** |
Age | |||
60–69 yrs | 570 | 493 | 841** |
70–79 yrs | 952 | 852 | 1280** |
80+ | 1634 | 1503 | 2424 |
Cost of outpatient care | 337 | 319 | 404** |
Age | |||
60–69 yrs | 328 | 308 | 398** |
70–79 yrs | 347 | 328 | 409** |
80+ | 355 | 343 | 427** |
Health condition | |||
Chronic morbidity | |||
Hypertension, 2823 | 64,5 | 60,0 | 81,8*** |
Dyslipidemiab, 2656 | 51,2 | 50,2 | 55,3*** |
Elevated Total/HDL cholesterol ratio, 2654 | 28,5 | 27,8 | 30,8* |
Elevated triglycerides, 2573 | 44,9 | 44,2 | 47,6*** |
Cardiovascular disease | |||
Myocardial infarction | 4,6 | 3,7 | 7,9*** |
Ischemic heart attack (no infarction) | 12,0 | 10,9 | 16,4** |
Stroke | 3,8 | 3,4 | 5,7* |
Cancer | 5,8 | 5,2 | 8,0 |
Lung disease | 16,6 | 15,6 | 20,5** |