Table 2 Gender analysis framework
Domains | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Access to assets | Beliefs and perceptions | Practices and participation | Laws and policies | ||
Level of analysis | Societal level | Gender (In-)Equality Scores Gender Empowerment Measure [64] Gender Inequality Index [100] Global Gender Gap [101] Gender Equity Index [103] | ILGA rainbow map [86] | ||
Community, facility, institutional level | Sexual minority structural stigma [85] | Sexual minority structural discrimination [85] | |||
Individual level | Attitudes towards Homosexuality Reactions to Homosexuality Scale [72, 73, 91], Internalized negative attitudes about gay men and MSM [90], Homophobia [91], Attitudes toward Lesbian and Gay Men [81], Index of Attitudes toward Homosexuals [81], Double Standard Scale (sexuality) [62], Sexism [61] Gender norms Adherence to traditional notions of masculinity [91], Adherence to traditional masculine norms [89], Idealised Beliefs about Masculinity Scale [79], Patriarchal ideology [74], Machismo [66, 78], Marianismo Beliefs Scale [70, 71], Chastity scale [79], Attitude Toward Women Scale [66, 69, 98, 102], Bem-Sex-Role Inventory [92, 97], Gender ideology binary item [94], Gender-role beliefs [96], Gender-role index [75] Discrimination of sexual orientation Internalised homophobia [65, 68, 88, 93], Openness about one’s same-sex attraction in the country of origin [93], Reasons for discrimination: sex, sexual orientation, transphobia, pregnancy [80], Attitudes toward gender-based violence Violence legitimizing norms of masculinity [77], Intimate partner violence supporting attitudes [98] | Gendered behaviour Sharing household responsibilities [96], Gender power relations [75], Sexual Relationship Power Scale [62] Discrimination of sexual orientation Conversations about discrimination with family and friends [99], Homophobic violence in the country of origin [93], Hiding sexual orientation in country of residence [93], Experienced homosexual stigma (by Diaz 2001) [63, 68, 72, 87, 99], Experiences of homophobia [65, 67, 82, 83, 88], Perceived discrimination of sexual orientation [95], Gender discrimination measured as part of the Cumulative Trauma Scale-Short [76], Sexual migration [84] Gender-based violence Normalisation of gender-based violence (as a dimension of sexism) [61] | |||