From: A model of disparities: risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection
OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic | |||
Age | |||
18–29 | – | – | – |
< 18 | 0.33 | [0.22–0.49] | <.0001 |
30–39 | 0.88 | [0.73–1.05] | 0.1574 |
40–49 | 1.27 | [1.06–1.52] | 0.011 |
50–59 | 1.69 | [1.41–2.02] | <.0001 |
60–69 | 1.65 | [1.36–2.01] | <.0001 |
70–79 | 1.59 | [1.24–2.05] | 0.0003 |
80+ | 1.64 | [1.24–2.17] | 0.0005 |
Gender | |||
Female | – | – | – |
Male | 1.32 | [1.21–1.44] | <.0001 |
Education | |||
Education < 12 years | 1.02 | [1.01–1.14] | 0.0435 |
Employment | |||
Student | – | – | – |
Employed | 1.85 | [1.39–2.46] | <.0001 |
Not Employed | 1.41 | [1.05–1.91] | 0.024 |
Retired | 2.06 | [1.54–2.76] | <.0001 |
Unknown | 1.37 | [1–1.87] | 0.0494 |
Race | |||
White | – | – | – |
American Indian | Alaska Native | 0.63 | [0.36–1.12] | 0.1156 |
Asian | 1.43 | [1.18–1.72] | 0.0002 |
Black| African American | 1.51 | [1.25–1.83] | <.0001 |
Native Hawaiian | Pacific Islander | 1.02 | [0.66–1.57] | 0.9438 |
Unknown | 1.34 | [1.18–1.52] | <.0001 |
Ethnicity | |||
Other Ethnic Groups | – | – | – |
Hispanic or Latino | 2.07 | [1.77–2.41] | <.0001 |
Religious Affiliation | |||
Agnostic | – | – | – |
Christian | 1.28 | [1.15–1.43] | <.0001 |
Other Religion | 1.01 | [0.77–1.24] | 0.1453 |
Unknown | 1.10 | [0.97–1.25] | 0.8752 |
Relationship | |||
Single | – | – | – |
Divorce or Legally Separated | 1.08 | [0.93–1.26] | 0.3293 |
Married or Significant Other | 1.12 | [1.01–1.25] | 0.0357 |
Unknown | 0.96 | [0.74–1.24] | 0.7468 |
Language | |||
English | – | – | – |
Sino-Tibetan | 1.98 | [1.38–2.84] | 0.0002 |
Spanish | 1.60 | [1.31–1.94] | <.0001 |
Other Languages | 2.09 | [1.7–2.57] | <.0001 |
Clinical | |||
Body Mass Index | |||
Normal | – | – | – |
Underweight | 0.80 | [0.54–1.2] | 0.2857 |
Moderately Obese | 1.25 | [1.08–1.45] | 0.0033 |
Overweight | 1.28 | [1.12–1.46] | 0.0003 |
Severely Obese | 1.45 | [1.21–1.73] | <.0001 |
Very Severely Obese | 1.58 | [1.31–1.91] | <.0001 |
Unknown | 0.99 | [0.84–1.16] | 0.8867 |
Number of Chronic Conditions | |||
0 | – | – | – |
1–2 | 0.83 | [0.74–0.93] | 0.001 |
3–4 | 0.63 | [0.54–0.74] | <.0001 |
5+ | 0.55 | [0.44–0.69] | <.0001 |
Clinical Diagnosis | |||
Diagnosis of Diabetes | 1.40 | [1.22–1.61] | <.0001 |
Diagnosis of Kidney Disease | 1.03 | [1.01–2.3] | 0.0385 |
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS | 1.43 | [1.03–2.63] | 0.0252 |
Diagnosis of Dementia | 2.01 | [1.61–2.51] | <.0001 |
Polypharmacy | |||
0 Prescriptions | – | – | – |
1–9 Prescriptions | 0.76 | [0.68–0.86] | <.0001 |
10–19 Prescriptions | 0.60 | [0.5–0.71] | <.0001 |
20–29 Prescriptions | 0.43 | [0.32–0.59] | <.0001 |
30+ Prescriptions | 0.42 | [0.26–0.66] | 0.0002 |
Mental Health and Substance Use | |||
History of Illicit Drug Use | 0.63 | [0.53–0.77] | <.0001 |
History of Tobacco Use | 0.46 | [0.38–0.54] | <.0001 |
Diagnosis of Serious Persistent Mental Illness | 0.77 | [0.65–0.92] | 0.003 |
Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder | 0.70 | [0.56–0.87] | 0.001 |
Primary Care Provider Affiliation | |||
Internal Primary Care Provider | – | – | – |
External Primary Care Provider | 1.23 | [1.1–1.37] | 0.0004 |
Unknown Primary Care Provider | 1.27 | [1.11–1.46] | 0.0005 |
Electronic Communication through the EMR | 0.72 | [0.66–0.8] | <.0001 |
Symptoms | |||
Symptoms of Fever | 2.39 | [2.15–2.65] | <.0001 |
Symptoms of Cough | 1.44 | [1.28–1.62] | <.0001 |
Shortness of Breath | 1.34 | [1.21–1.49] | <.0001 |
Symptoms of Chills | 1.40 | [1.09–1.79] | 0.0086 |
Myalgia | 1.80 | [1.47–2.2] | <.0001 |
Environmental | |||
Region | |||
Oregon | – | – | – |
Alaska | 1.31 | [1–1.7] | 0.0469 |
Puget Sound | 2.83 | [2.44–3.28] | <.0001 |
Southern California | 2.39 | [2.06–2.78] | <.0001 |
Washington Montana | 1.49 | [1.29–1.73] | <.0001 |
Age-Stratified Communal Living | |||
Non-Communal Living | – | – | – |
Adult Community | 1.30 | [1.07–1.58] | 0.0082 |
Adult and Youth | 1.07 | [0.95–1.21] | 0.2835 |
Multigenerational | 1.07 | [0.9–1.28] | 0.4563 |
Senior Living | 1.69 | [1.23–2.32] | 0.0011 |
Other | 1.12 | [0.77–1.64] | 0.5492 |
Financial Insecurity | 1.10 | [1.01–1.25] | 0.0392 |
Housing Insecurity | 1.32 | [1.16–1.5] | <.0001 |
Transportation Insecurity | 1.11 | [1.02–1.23] | 0.0285 |
Low Air Quality | 1.01 | [1–1.04] | 0.0502 |