Inequality in healthcare use among older people in Colombia

Garcia-Ramirez, Jorge; Nikoloski, Zlatko; Mossialos, Elias

doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01241-0

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Binary logistic regressions results for healthcare utilization

From: Inequality in healthcare use among older people in Colombia

		Any visit to a health professional in the last year		Any doctor visit in the last 4 months		Any hospitalizations in the last year		Use of pap smear in the last 2 years		Use of mammogram in the last 2 years		Prostate cancer screening in the last 2 years
Variable	Categories	OR	SE	OR	SE	OR	SE	OR	SE	OR	SE	OR	SE
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
Age	60 to 65^c
	66 to 70	0.940	0.104	0.915	0.131	0.960	0.140	0.692^b	0.092	0.710^a	0.105	1.332	0.207
	71 to 75	0.932	0.107	1.182	0.151	1.108	0.170	0.257^b	0.036	0.404^b	0.063	1.116	0.184
	76 to 80	0.859	0.112	1.283	0.194	0.982	0.178	0.235^b	0.041	0.469^b	0.101	1.514^a	0.282
	> 80	0.666^b	0.095	1.134	0.192	1.071	0.230	0.130^b	0.028	0.238^b	0.060	0.771	0.160
Gender	Male^c
Gender	Female	0.876	0.077	0.817	0.087	1.268	0.165	NA		NA		NA
Marital status	Not married^c
Marital status	Married or cohabiting	0.925	0.082	1.011	0.120	1.082	0.130	1.366^b	0.142	1.336^a	0.153	1.403^b	0.182
Education	No formal education^c
	Primary	1.193	0.143	1.152	0.189	1.119	0.187	1.124	0.155	1.269	0.219	1.203	0.214
	Secondary	1.904^b	0.275	1.280	0.252	1.271	0.251	0.981	0.168	1.469	0.295	1.498	0.316
	Technical or above	3.178^b	0.649	1.247	0.369	1.255	0.325	1.006	0.265	2.805^b	0.854	0.835	0.213
Ethnic minority	Not belonging to an ethnic minority^c
Ethnic minority	Belonging to an ethnic minority	1.113	0.099	0.954	0.096	1.092	0.127	0.839	0.118	0.882	0.120	1.343^a	0.176
Displacement	Not being displaced^c
Displacement	Being displaced	0.862	0.099	1.087	0.126	0.952	0.150	1.124	0.176	0.936	0.153	0.949	0.144
ENABLING FACTORS
Wealth quintile	Poorest ^c
	2nd poorest	1.466^b	0.155	1.304^a	0.157	0.955	0.133	1.589^b	0.235	1.123	0.172	1.286	0.219
	Middle	1.436^b	0.162	1.238	0.160	0.999	0.161	1.505^b	0.239	1.545^b	0.253	1.308	0.237
	2nd richest	1.740^b	0.225	1.328	0.207	1.399^a	0.215	1.695^b	0.289	1.630^b	0.291	1.707^b	0.334
	Richest	2.370^b	0.376	1.696^a	0.348	0.910	0.180	3.357^b	0.666	2.095^b	0.473	1.573^a	0.342
Geographic region	Bogota^c
	Oriental	0.994	0.157	1.000	0.211	1.202	0.253	0.827	0.165	1.273	0.288	1.550	0.349
	Orinoquia and Amazonia	1.207	0.306	1.592	0.448	1.549	0.698	1.509	0.438	0.941	0.283	1.678	0.642
	Atlantico	0.878	0.126	1.472^a	0.258	1.364	0.243	1.151	0.196	1.236	0.227	1.410	0.304
	Central	0.659^b	0.093	0.986	0.185	1.351	0.242	1.052	0.172	1.298	0.252	1.158	0.241
	Pacifica	1.012	0.144	1.181	0.224	1.128	0.216	1.095	0.199	1.018	0.209	1.193	0.268
Area of residence	Rural^c
Area of residence	Urban	1.658^b	0.194	1.501^b	0.196	1.468^a	0.223	1.499^b	0.227	1.880^b	0.332	1.767^b	0.287
Type of health insurance	Uninsured^c
	Subsidized	1.808^a	0.508	4.967^b	1.263	1.186	0.414	1.744	0.593	1.890	0.638	2.345^b	0.862
	Contributory	2.011^a	0.575	6.376^b	1.673	1.340	0.479	2.839^b	0.987	4.210^b	1.447	5.47^b	2.055
	Special^d
Type of health insurance (sub-analysis)	Subsidized^c
Type of health insurance (sub-analysis)	Contributory	1.120	0.104	1.286^a	0.147	1.122	0.145	1.654^b	0.204	2.248^b	0.275	2.343^b	0.331
Receives a pension	No^c
Receives a pension	Yes	1.256^a	0.143	1.113	0.169	0.638^b	0.100	1.157	0.181	0.869	0.146	1.316	0.213
NEED FACTORS
Multimorbidity	No diseases^c
	One chronic disease	1.459^b	0.157	2.382^b	0.264	1.450^a	0.258	1.658^b	0.237	1.363^a	0.203	1.771^b	0.260
	Multimorbid	1.945^b	0.207	3.987^b	0.528	2.599^b	0.432	1.569^b	0.216	1.498^b	0.225	2.307^b	0.331
Self-rated health	Bad health^c
Self-rated health	Good health	0.895	0.074	0.574^b	0.053	0.616^b	0.078	1.125	0.117	1.180	0.134	0.966	0.115
Barthel index (dependency)	Independent^c
	Mild dependency	1.335^a	0.190	1.202	0.242	1.760^b	0.304	0.955	0.165	0.962	0.167	1.072	0.248
	Moderate to severe dependency	1.188	0.200	1.204	0.250	1.490	0.325	0.814	0.160	0.671	0.159	0.980	0.258
	Total dependency	2.246	1.857	1.355	1.373	1.200	1.167	0.173	0.189	0.011^b	0.015	No observations
Walking Impairment	No impairment^c
	Mild difficulty	0.987	0.120	1.106	0.149	1.044	0.169	0.994	0.132	1.123	0.163	0.992	0.197
	Somewhat/Very difficult	1.060	0.119	1.420^a	0.207	1.047	0.163	0.832	0.118	0.913	0.138	1.154	0.226
Walking help	No help needed^c
Walking help	Help needed	1.268	0.185	1.150	0.234	0.653	0.152	1.242	0.213	1.041	0.206	1.103	0.279
Amputations	No amputations^c
Amputations	Any amputation	1.881	0.646	0.532	0.213	2.027^a	0.637	0.803	0.414	0.433	0.252	0.658	0.248
*Statistical parameters*	Observations	17,459		17,444		17,455		9735		9741		7663
	Wald (Chi2) test	400.2		392.26		202.48		432.3		361.3		280
	Log Likelihood	−2,495,693.8		−1,963,778.3		−1,280,073		−1,219,592.2		−1,251,254.3		−1,127,363.8
	p-value	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001

^aStatistical significance at 5% level ^bStatistical significance at 1% level ^cBaseline variable for comparison ^dexcluded from the analysis
OR Odds Ratio, SE Standard error, NA Not applicable

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