Inequality in healthcare use among older people in Colombia

Garcia-Ramirez, Jorge; Nikoloski, Zlatko; Mossialos, Elias

doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01241-0

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 1 Summary statistics for independent variables (weighted)

From: Inequality in healthcare use among older people in Colombia

	Total sample N = 23,694		Insured n = 23,152		Uninsured n = 518		P value¬
Variable	n	%	n	%	n	%
Predisposing factors
Age
60–65	9010	38.03	8695	37.55	306	59.12	< 0.001
66–70	5268	22.23	5176	22.36	87	16.81
71–75	3943	16.64	3891	16.81	48	9.29
76–80	2814	11.88	2772	11.97	39	7.54
80+	2659	11.22	2619	11.31	37	7.24
Male	10,776	45.48	10,457	45.17	308	59.49	< 0.001
Marital status^a	12,392	52.32	12,180	52.61	205	39.63	< 0.001
Education^a
No formal education	3919	16.61	3776	16.37	139	26.99	< 0.001
Primary school	12,599	53.39	12,353	53.57	232	45.15
Secondary school	4521	19.15	4395	19.06	121	23.44
Technical or higher	2562	10.85	2536	11.00	23	4.42
Ethnicity^a	3736	20.95	3625	20.76	107	29.52	0.037
Displacement^a	3631	15.33	3521	15.21	107	20.61	0.270
Socioeconomic factors
Wealth quintile
Poorest	4739	20.00	4527	19.55	207	40.03	< 0.001
2nd poorest	4739	20.00	4616	19.94	118	22.85
Middle	4738	20.00	4653	20.10	81	15.63
2nd richest	4739	20.00	4661	20.13	74	14.20
Richest	4738	20.00	4696	20.28	38	7.29
Geographic region in Colombia
Bogota	4032	17.02	3970	17.15	58	11.15	0.028
East	4248	17.93	4109	17.75	135	26.02
Orinoquia and Amazon	328	1.38	310	1.34	17	3.37
Atlantic	4527	19.11	4392	18.97	130	25.19
Central	6400	27.01	6313	27.27	80	15.51
Pacific	4160	17.56	4059	17.53	97	18.75
Urban	18,524	78.18	18,141	78.35	365	70.40	< 0.001
Type of health insurance^a							NA
Uninsured	518	2.19	NA		NA
Subsidized	11,104	46.91	NA		NA
Contributory	11,574	48.90	NA		NA
Special	474	2.00	NA		NA
Receives a pension^a	6754	28.52	6741	29.12	10	1.90	< 0.001
Need factors
Multimorbidity^a
No diseases	5659	24.27	5440	23.88	211	42.07	< 0.001
1 disease	7017	30.10	6885	30.22	124	24.70
Multimorbid (2 diseases or more)	10,637	45.63	10,457	45.90	167	33.23
Self-rated health^a	9741	51.27	9527	51.24	209	52.56	0.020
Barthel Index (dependency)
Independent	18,666	78.78	18,223	78.71	423	81.74	0.005
Mild dependency	2249	9.49	2213	9.56	34	6.60
Moderate to severe dependency	2616	11.04	2554	11.03	59	11.40
Total dependency	163	0.69	162	0.70	1	0.25
Walking impairment^a
No impairment	15,835	66.90	15,422	66.68	398	76.89	< 0.001
Mild difficulty	3503	14.80	3435	14.85	65	12.59
Somewhat/Very difficult	4332	18.30	4274	18.48	54	10.52
Walking help^a	19,896	84.48	19,411	84.35	465	90.38	0.001
Amputation	486	2.05	476	2.06	9	1.75	0.719

¬ P value for Pearson chi square test comparing insured individuals and uninsured individuals
^aNumber of observations were not equal to the 100% of the total sample nor for subsamples by insurance categories. Observations N (%) were equal to: marital status: 23684 (99.9), education (99.5), ethnicity:17893 (77.7), displacement:23689 (99.9), Type of health insurance:23670 (99.9), receives a pension: 23680 (99.9), multimorbidity: 23312 (98.6), self-rated health: 18999(80.2), walking impairment: 23672(99.9), walking help: 23560 (99.4)
NA Not applicable

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