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Table 3 Coronary procedure rates and hazard ratios by education level (low, intermediate or high)

From: Education-related variation in coronary procedure rates and the contribution of private health care in Australia: a prospective cohort study

Procedure

Number of Procedures/py

Crude Procedure Rate per py (95% CI)

Adjusted HRs# (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

AMI patients (n = 4454)

 Coronary angiography

3041/118

25.8 (24.9–26.7)

    

 Low

473/24.7

19.1 (17.5–21.0)

0.64 (0.53–0.78)

0.70 (0.57–0.85)

0.71 (0.56–0.90)

0.88 (0.71, 1.08)

 Intermediate

2057/79.7

25.8 (24.7–27.0)

0.78 (0.67–0.91)

0.83 (0.71–0.97)

0.85 (0.71–1.02)

0.92 (0.79–1.09)

 High

511/13.7

37.4 (34.3–40.8)

1

1

1

1

 p (trend)

  

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.004

0.213

 Revascularisation

2175/186.6

11.7 (11.2–12.2)

    

 Low

322/36.8

8.7 (7.8–9.8)

0.64 (0.53–0.78)

0.70 (0.57–0.85)

0.93 (0.69–1.25)

0.99 (0.73–1.34)

 Intermediate

1463/126.4

11.6 (11.0–12.2)

0.75 (0.64–0.87)

0.78 (0.67–0.90)

0.89 (0.72–1.10)

0.91 (0.74–1.13)

 High

390/23.5

16.6 (15.0–18.3)

1

1

1

1

 p (trend)

  

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.514

0.821

Angina patients (n = 4348)

 Coronary angiography

2594/148.9

17.4 (16.8–18.1)

    

 Low

323/26.0

12.4 (11.2–13.9)

0.46 (0.40–0.55)

0.52 (0.44–0.62)

0.60 (0.47–0.76)

0.77 (0.60–0.98)

 Intermediate

1720/103.2

16.7 (15.9–17.5)

0.59 (0.53–0.67)

0.65 (0.57–0.73)

0.70 (0.60–0.83)

0.79 (0.67–0.94)

 High

551/19.8

27.9 (25.6–30.3)

1

1

1

1

 p (trend)

  

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.0.16

 Revascularisation

1340/250.8

5.3 (5.1–5.6)

    

 Low

160/38.6

4.1 (3.5–4.8)

0.63 (0.50–0.80)

0.71 (0.56–0.90)

0.78 (0.61–0.99)

0.79 (0.59–1.05)

 Intermediate

886/170.9

5.2 (4.9–5.5)

0.77 (0.65–0.90)

0.84 (0.72, 1.00)

0.86 (0.73–1.02)

0.86 (0.71–1.04)

 High

294/41.2

7.1 (6.4–8.0)

1

1

1

1

 p (trend)

  

< 0.001

0.004

0.035

0.082

  1. CI Confidence interval, HR Hazard ratio, p p-value, py Person-year
  2. #Model 1: HRs age and sex-adjusted
  3. Model 2: HRs adjusted for covariates in Model 1 + remoteness and country of birth
  4. Model 3: HRs adjusted for covariates in Models 1 and 2 + BMI, physical functioning and comorbidities
  5. Model 4: HRs adjusted for covariates in Models 1, 2 and 3 + private health insurance status
  6. Education level defined as low (no school certificate/qualifications), intermediate (school or leaving certificate/trade/apprenticeship/diploma/other certificate) and high (university degree or higher)
  7. Revascularisation refers to percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting