Geographic Targeting and Normative Frames: Revisiting the Equity of Conditional Cash Transfer Program Distribution in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru

Table 1 Key country and CCT program characteristics for Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru

Country	GDP per capita, PPP [33]	Infant Mortality Rate [33]	CCT Program (year launched)^a	CCT Focus	Targeting mechanism	Target population	Program enrollment (budget in $US)
Bolivia	$7081	29.2	Bono Juana Azurduy (2009)	Health	Universal, weak means-testing	All pregnant women who report not having social protection coverage [37]	127 thousand beneficiaries ($33 million)^b [12]
Colombia	$12,982	14.9	Más Familias en Acción (2006)	Health and education	Geographic, weak means-testing	SISBEN household vulnerability index based on health, education, household, and vulnerability indicators and residence in specified municipal groups [18, 38, 39]	2.7 million families ($1149 million)^c [38]
Ecuador	$11,431	14.4	Bono de Desarrollo Humano (2003)	Health and education	Universal, strong means-testing	Selben index based on infrastructure, demographics, education, and household assets [13]	1.2 million beneficiaries ($481 million)^d [40]
Peru	$11,176	14.3	Juntos (2005)	Health and education	Geographic, strong means-testing	Several iterations of district and household level indices based on health, education, demographic, and wealth indicators [17, 41]	650 thousand households ($324 million)^e [17, 41]

a Although Colombia’s MFA was originally created in 2000, it was massively expanded and revamped in 2006. Ecuador’s BDH represents a significant expansion in budget and scope of the Bono Solidario, originally created in 1998.
b Bolivia data are for 2013
c Colombia data are for 2014
d Ecuador data are for 2012
e Peru data are for 2012

ISSN: 1475-9276