Table 7 Adjusted SES gradients in child development by subnational region: DBS Subsample
From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia
| Â | Height for age z-score | Weight for age z-score | Weight for height z-score | |||||||||
VARIABLES | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands |
Quintile 2 = 1 | 0.162 (0.125) | -0.087 (0.168) | 0.090 (0.170) | 0.562** (0.255) | 0.218* (0.111) | 0.080 (0.177) | 0.226 (0.168) | 0.336* (0.189) | 0.169 (0.107) | 0.146 (0.174) | 0.234 (0.185) | 0.074 (0.177) |
Quintile 3 = 1 | 0.481*** (0.121) | 0.155 (0.179) | 0.407** (0.195) | 0.612** (0.240) | 0.409*** (0.107) | 0.354** (0.178) | 0.462** (0.181) | 0.250 (0.177) | 0.203* (0.104) | 0.340* (0.176) | 0.333** (0.167) | -0.082 (0.167) |
Quintile 4 = 1 | 0.742*** (0.132) | 0.736 (0.469) | 0.360** (0.162) | 0.817*** (0.231) | 0.478*** (0.112) | 0.491 (0.335) | 0.260 (0.178) | 0.410** (0.182) | 0.126 (0.113) | 0.154 (0.273) | 0.081 (0.194) | 0.011 (0.169) |
Quintile 5 = 1 | 0.847*** (0.131) | 0.526* (0.267) | 0.794*** (0.184) | 0.911*** (0.259) | 0.686*** (0.116) | 0.567** (0.217) | 0.644*** (0.213) | 0.603*** (0.174) | 0.329** (0.136) | 0.367 (0.293) | 0.302 (0.241) | 0.216 (0.174) |
Female | 0.275*** (0.073) | 0.314*** (0.112) | 0.177* (0.097) | 0.448*** (0.135) | 0.160** (0.073) | 0.207 (0.140) | 0.101 (0.112) | 0.246* (0.128) | 0.023 (0.082) | 0.044 (0.147) | 0.026 (0.147) | 0.017 (0.134) |
Constant | -0.899*** (0.119) | -1.327*** (0.187) | -0.792*** (0.157) | -0.577** (0.259) | -0.397*** (0.108) | -0.624*** (0.196) | -0.191 (0.171) | -0.333* (0.196) | 0.212* (0.120) | 0.263 (0.216) | 0.401** (0.199) | 0.030 (0.194) |
Observations | 1,597 | 544 | 530 | 523 | 1,553 | 534 | 502 | 517 | 1,553 | 534 | 502 | 517 |
R-squared | 0.154 | 0.118 | 0.150 | 0.237 | 0.073 | 0.074 | 0.077 | 0.086 | 0.012 | 0.034 | 0.024 | 0.035 |
| Â | Stunting (%) | Underweight (%) | Overweight (%) | |||||||||
VARIABLES | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands |
Quintile 2 = 1 | -0.089** (0.044) | -0.089 (0.076) | -0.063 (0.072) | -0.140 (0.086) | -0.018 (0.018) | -0.022 (0.030) | -0.036 (0.025) | 0.008 (0.024) | -0.012 (0.016) | 0.002 (0.026) | -0.036 (0.027) | -0.013 (0.026) |
Quintile 3 = 1 | -0.164*** (0.036) | -0.221*** (0.063) | -0.113* (0.066) | -0.156** (0.067) | -0.030* (0.017) | -0.050* (0.026) | -0.021 (0.032) | -0.012 (0.016) | 0.005 (0.017) | -0.003 (0.013) | 0.010 (0.036) | -0.010 (0.029) |
Quintile 4 = 1 | -0.202*** (0.039) | -0.187 (0.115) | -0.146*** (0.055) | -0.223*** (0.076) | -0.026 (0.018) | -0.051** (0.025) | -0.006 (0.035) | -0.014 (0.016) | 0.001 (0.018) | 0.058 (0.053) | -0.020 (0.032) | -0.021 (0.026) |
Quintile 5 = 1 | -0.224*** (0.035) | -0.226*** (0.075) | -0.193*** (0.048) | -0.227*** (0.076) | -0.024 (0.018) | -0.049** (0.024) | -0.022 (0.031) | 0.005 (0.027) | 0.034 (0.024) | 0.070 (0.057) | 0.025 (0.041) | -0.001 (0.030) |
Female | -0.089*** (0.023) | -0.079 (0.050) | -0.050 (0.038) | -0.139*** (0.038) | -0.008 (0.009) | -0.024 (0.018) | -0.003 (0.019) | -0.002 (0.009) | 0.001 (0.014) | 0.012 (0.022) | 0.006 (0.029) | -0.015 (0.020) |
Constant | 0.261*** (0.033) | 0.322*** (0.073) | 0.188*** (0.041) | 0.288*** (0.076) | 0.053*** (0.019) | 0.084** (0.042) | 0.023 (0.026) | 0.053* (0.029) | 0.062** (0.024) | 0.080* (0.046) | 0.081* (0.046) | 0.042 (0.028) |
Observations | 1,597 | 544 | 530 | 523 | 1,553 | 534 | 502 | 517 | 1,553 | 534 | 502 | 517 |
R-squared | 0.104 | 0.099 | 0.098 | 0.136 | 0.011 | 0.047 | 0.020 | 0.039 | 0.012 | 0.064 | 0.012 | 0.026 |
| Â | Anemia (%) | VAD (%) | Iron deficiency (%) | |||||||||
VARIABLES | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands |
Quintile 2 = 1 | -0.041 (0.045) | -0.122* (0.067) | 0.088 (0.069) | 0.056 (0.098) | 0.067 (0.055) | -0.122 (0.085) | 0.216** (0.090) | 0.134 (0.113) | 0.029 (0.048) | 0.095 (0.077) | 0.032 (0.074) | -0.074 (0.086) |
Quintile 3 = 1 | -0.025 (0.042) | -0.001 (0.056) | -0.048 (0.077) | 0.109 (0.095) | 0.073 (0.049) | -0.141** (0.063) | 0.068 (0.077) | 0.177* (0.100) | 0.020 (0.043) | 0.103 (0.094) | 0.097 (0.063) | -0.081 (0.078) |
Quintile 4 = 1 | -0.096** (0.045) | 0.041 (0.064) | -0.091 (0.067) | 0.010 (0.105) | -0.023 (0.064) | -0.184** (0.091) | -0.106* (0.061) | 0.050 (0.126) | 0.019 (0.047) | 0.322*** (0.109) | 0.090 (0.060) | -0.105 (0.090) |
Quintile 5 = 1 | -0.182*** (0.049) | -0.114 (0.088) | -0.182*** (0.069) | -0.054 (0.109) | -0.085* (0.044) | -0.144* (0.081) | -0.070 (0.061) | -0.077 (0.108) | -0.084** (0.038) | -0.017 (0.077) | -0.052 (0.056) | -0.099 (0.090) |
Female | -0.048* (0.028) | -0.063 (0.051) | -0.085* (0.051) | -0.015 (0.042) | -0.012 (0.029) | -0.017 (0.050) | -0.017 (0.039) | -0.009 (0.056) | -0.109*** (0.029) | -0.150*** (0.050) | -0.122*** (0.044) | -0.069 (0.047) |
Constant | 0.741*** (0.045) | 0.816*** (0.077) | 0.767*** (0.071) | 0.539*** (0.106) | 0.466*** (0.045) | 0.601*** (0.088) | 0.353*** (0.064) | 0.547*** (0.102) | 0.229*** (0.040) | 0.358*** (0.075) | 0.148** (0.057) | 0.216** (0.095) |
Observations | 1,593 | 545 | 528 | 520 | 1,609 | 548 | 535 | 526 | 1,609 | 548 | 535 | 526 |
R-squared | 0.036 | 0.062 | 0.089 | 0.021 | 0.034 | 0.086 | 0.060 | 0.072 | 0.046 | 0.091 | 0.090 | 0.046 |
| Â | Gross motor z-score | Communication z-score | ||||||||||
VARIABLES | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | ||||
Quintile 2 = 1 | -0.168 (0.110) | -0.204 (0.168) | -0.057 (0.168) | -0.417* (0.240) | -0.302** (0.123) | -0.499*** (0.181) | -0.078 (0.186) | -0.409 (0.250) | ||||
Quintile 3 = 1 | -0.084 (0.106) | -0.133 (0.221) | -0.162 (0.165) | -0.189 (0.197) | -0.086 (0.111) | -0.350** (0.175) | 0.017 (0.187) | -0.149 (0.197) | ||||
Quintile 4 = 1 | -0.072 (0.148) | -0.362 (0.293) | -0.246 (0.250) | -0.088 (0.271) | -0.152 (0.127) | -0.083 (0.252) | -0.117 (0.190) | -0.328 (0.222) | ||||
Quintile 5 = 1 | 0.173* (0.100) | 0.154 (0.208) | 0.193 (0.162) | -0.097 (0.215) | -0.016 (0.124) | -0.098 (0.195) | 0.203 (0.223) | -0.290 (0.204) | ||||
Female | -0.107 (0.071) | 0.007 (0.137) | -0.119 (0.109) | -0.183 (0.111) | 0.105 (0.085) | 0.174 (0.130) | 0.079 (0.141) | 0.097 (0.141) | ||||
Constant | -0.020 (0.101) | -0.133 (0.165) | -0.036 (0.144) | 0.280 (0.251) | 0.147 (0.109) | -0.019 (0.190) | 0.000 (0.160) | 0.558** (0.214) | ||||
Observations | 1,473 | 515 | 489 | 469 | 1,473 | 515 | 489 | 469 | ||||
R-squared | 0.021 | 0.031 | 0.044 | 0.051 | 0.022 | 0.056 | 0.020 | 0.062 | ||||