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Table 2 Adjusted SES gradients in child nutrition and development indicators by region

From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia

 

Height for age z-score

Weight for age z-score

Weight for height z-score

VARIABLES

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

Quintile 2 = 1

0.297*** (0.052)

0.252*** (0.084)

0.220*** (0.077)

0.291*** (0.088)

0.229*** (0.045)

0.193** (0.079)

0.268*** (0.071)

0.146** (0.072)

0.073 (0.045)

0.085 (0.065)

0.177** (0.078)

-0.044 (0.094)

Quintile 3 = 1

0.647*** (0.051)

0.451*** (0.080)

0.656*** (0.071)

0.613*** (0.086)

0.451*** (0.049)

0.331*** (0.081)

0.501*** (0.084)

0.382*** (0.076)

0.110** (0.050)

0.095 (0.079)

0.197** (0.078)

0.027 (0.099)

Quintile 4 = 1

0.780*** (0.058)

0.526*** (0.107)

0.684*** (0.084)

0.775*** (0.086)

0.541*** (0.050)

0.450*** (0.088)

0.409*** (0.080)

0.556*** (0.087)

0.162*** (0.049)

0.265** (0.104)

0.056 (0.071)

0.168 (0.103)

Quintile 5 = 1

0.962*** (0.061)

0.722*** (0.096)

0.819*** (0.079)

1.014*** (0.107)

0.697*** (0.058)

0.555*** (0.126)

0.563*** (0.087)

0.746*** (0.096)

0.214*** (0.055)

0.182 (0.141)

0.143 (0.086)

0.253** (0.101)

Female

0.099*** (0.034)

0.179*** (0.052)

0.122** (0.056)

0.014 (0.058)

0.075** (0.029)

0.220*** (0.043)

0.064 (0.047)

-0.018 (0.056)

0.033 (0.030)

0.169*** (0.053)

0.009 (0.046)

-0.037 (0.056)

Constant

-1.281*** (0.098)

-1.534*** (0.189)

-1.433*** (0.153)

-0.706*** (0.133)

-0.843*** (0.096)

-1.114*** (0.138)

-0.891*** (0.151)

-0.433** (0.169)

0.132 (0.121)

0.110 (0.148)

0.256 (0.172)

0.030 (0.292)

Observations

10,870

3,446

3,701

3,723

10,469

3,404

3,395

3,670

10,453

3,397

3,391

3,665

R-squared

0.132

0.094

0.115

0.157

0.067

0.071

0.051

0.076

0.020

0.038

0.017

0.044

p-value (F-test for quintile effects)

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0020

0.1649

0.0728

0.0146

 

Stunting (%)

Underweight (%)

Overweight (%)

VARIABLES

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

Quintile 2 = 1

-0.112*** (0.018)

-0.143*** (0.030)

-0.077*** (0.029)

-0.070** (0.032)

-0.009 (0.006)

-0.012 (0.009)

-0.017* (0.009)

-0.003 (0.013)

0.005 (0.009)

0.009 (0.014)

0.007 (0.016)

-0.010 (0.017)

Quintile 3 = 1

-0.184*** (0.016)

-0.198*** (0.031)

-0.186*** (0.025)

-0.120*** (0.026)

-0.003 (0.005)

-0.004 (0.010)

-0.002 (0.010)

-0.005 (0.009)

0.014 (0.010)

0.016 (0.018)

0.022 (0.017)

-0.009 (0.021)

Quintile 4 = 1

-0.216*** (0.017)

-0.201*** (0.037)

-0.206*** (0.025)

-0.161*** (0.029)

-0.016*** (0.005)

-0.020*** (0.007)

-0.006 (0.010)

-0.022*** (0.008)

0.023** (0.011)

0.049** (0.024)

-0.003 (0.016)

0.017 (0.022)

Quintile 5 = 1

-0.236*** (0.016)

-0.260*** (0.034)

-0.229*** (0.022)

-0.163*** (0.030)

-0.013** (0.005)

-0.013 (0.012)

-0.017** (0.009)

-0.012 (0.009)

0.046*** (0.012)

0.049 (0.032)

0.011 (0.016)

0.061** (0.025)

Female

-0.034*** (0.011)

-0.060** (0.024)

-0.041** (0.018)

-0.008 (0.016)

-0.012*** (0.003)

-0.018*** (0.006)

-0.012* (0.006)

-0.010 (0.006)

-0.013* (0.008)

0.011 (0.011)

-0.020 (0.012)

-0.026** (0.013)

Constant

0.295*** (0.026)

0.310*** (0.049)

0.345*** (0.044)

0.169*** (0.036)

0.075*** (0.016)

0.052** (0.021)

0.089*** (0.031)

0.076*** (0.025)

0.119*** (0.029)

0.093** (0.043)

0.136*** (0.033)

0.136* (0.072)

Observations

10,870

3,446

3,701

3,723

10,453

3,397

3,391

3,665

10,453

3,397

3,391

3,665

R-squared

0.067

0.074

0.073

0.045

0.014

0.022

0.022

0.021

0.011

0.025

0.013

0.027

p-value (F-test for quintile effects)

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0164

0.0083

0.2071

0.0008

0.0051

0.3072

0.5655

0.0097

 

Anemia (%)

VAD (%)

Iron deficiency (%)

VARIABLES

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

Quintile 2 = 1

-0.103*** (0.020)

-0.144*** (0.031)

-0.046 (0.032)

-0.080** (0.036)

0.067 (0.055)

-0.122 (0.085)

0.216** (0.090)

0.134 (0.113)

0.029 (0.048)

0.095 (0.077)

0.032 (0.074)

-0.074 (0.086)

Quintile 3 = 1

-0.164*** (0.023)

-0.167*** (0.044)

-0.092** (0.036)

-0.161*** (0.033)

0.073 (0.049)

-0.141** (0.063)

0.068 (0.077)

0.177* (0.100)

0.020 (0.043)

0.103 (0.094)

0.097 (0.063)

-0.081 (0.078)

Quintile 4 = 1

-0.186*** (0.026)

-0.097** (0.047)

-0.171*** (0.036)

-0.152*** (0.045)

-0.023 (0.064)

-0.184** (0.091)

-0.106* (0.061)

0.050 (0.126)

0.019 (0.047)

0.322*** (0.109)

0.090 (0.060)

-0.105 (0.090)

Quintile 5 = 1

-0.286*** (0.022)

-0.334*** (0.044)

-0.206*** (0.033)

-0.244*** (0.031)

-0.085* (0.044)

-0.144* (0.081)

-0.070 (0.061)

-0.077 (0.108)

-0.084** (0.038)

-0.017 (0.077)

-0.052 (0.056)

-0.099 (0.090)

female

-0.039*** 0.015)

-0.058* (0.032)

-0.045* (0.023)

-0.014 (0.022)

-0.012 (0.029)

-0.017 (0.050)

-0.017 (0.039)

-0.009 (0.056)

-0.109*** (0.029)

-0.150*** (0.050)

-0.122*** (0.044)

-0.069 (0.047)

Constant

0.621*** (0.037)

0.802*** (0.070)

0.543*** (0.057)

0.526*** (0.058)

0.466*** (0.045)

0.601*** (0.088)

0.353*** (0.064)

0.547*** (0.102)

0.229*** (0.040)

0.358*** (0.075)

0.148** (0.057)

0.216** (0.095)

Observations

9,414

2,894

3,205

3,315

1,609

548

535

526

1,609

548

535

526

R-squared

0.097

0.096

0.110

0.101

0.034

0.086

0.060

0.072

0.046

0.091

0.090

0.046

p-value (F-test for quintile effects)

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0079

0.1262

0.0062

0.0149

0.0239

0.0011

0.0499

0.8080

 

Gross motor z-score

Communication z-score

VARIABLES

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

All

Highlands

Valleys

Lowlands

Quintile 2 = 1

0.028 (0.072)

0.035 (0.085)

-0.019 (0.086)

0.066 (0.227)

-0.133* (0.071)

-0.171** (0.082)

-0.101 (0.106)

-0.092 (0.176)

Quintile 3 = 1

0.016 (0.061)

-0.000 (0.122)

-0.099 (0.079)

0.106 (0.150)

0.037 (0.059)

0.042 (0.106)

0.039 (0.100)

0.056 (0.122)

Quintile 4 = 1

0.041 (0.069)

-0.078 (0.161)

-0.081 (0.112)

0.126 (0.144)

-0.084 (0.067)

-0.038 (0.149)

-0.101 (0.110)

-0.112 (0.113)

Quintile 5 = 1

0.210*** (0.070)

-0.015 (0.149)

0.051 (0.090)

0.367* (0.197)

0.113 (0.073)

-0.015 (0.136)

0.126 (0.108)

0.159 (0.156)

Female

-0.076* (0.040)

-0.059 (0.066)

-0.080 (0.057)

-0.088 (0.077)

0.091*** (0.035)

0.098 (0.060)

0.075 (0.062)

0.110* (0.063)

Constant

-0.114 (0.076)

-0.053 (0.135)

-0.102 (0.104)

-0.159 (0.206)

0.098 (0.078)

-0.019 (0.129)

0.099 (0.139)

0.159 (0.140)

Observations

5,753

1,909

1,912

1,932

5,753

1,909

1,912

1,932

R-squared

0.015

0.027

0.033

0.025

0.016

0.017

0.031

0.048

p-value (F-test for quintile effects)

0.0076

0.9613

0.5239

0.0039

0.0082

0.2081

0.3110

0.1033

  1. Notes: ***significant at the 1% level; ** significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level. SE clustered at the PSU level (census sector or segment) in parentheses. OLS Estimation. Controls include child’s sex and a set of child dummies for age categories in months (0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20, 21-23, 24-26, 27-29, 30-32, 33-35, 36-38, 39-41, 42-44, 45-47, 48-50, 51-53, 54-56, 57-59). Quintiles are population quintiles using monthly per capita household consumption as the ranking variable. p-value (F-test for quintile effects) is the p-value of the F-test of Q2=Q3=Q4=Q5=0.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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