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Table 11 Adjusted SES gradients in child development by child’s age with IPW adjustments for missing data

From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia

 

Height for age z-score

Weight for age z-score

Weight for height z-score

VARIABLES

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

Quintile 2 = 1

0.130 (0.126)

0.290*** (0.091)

0.378*** (0.086)

0.316*** (0.068)

0.199* (0.104)

0.308*** (0.091)

0.269*** (0.078)

0.209*** (0.061)

0.158 (0.101)

0.196** (0.090)

0.102 (0.083)

0.027 (0.068)

Quintile 3 = 1

0.435*** (0.136)

0.601*** (0.091)

0.695*** (0.079)

0.758*** (0.069)

0.387*** (0.106)

0.533*** (0.087)

0.393*** (0.085)

0.511*** (0.066)

0.208* (0.112)

0.293*** (0.086)

0.020 (0.091)

0.079 (0.065)

Quintile 4 = 1

0.610*** (0.134)

0.827*** (0.108)

0.958*** (0.088)

0.774*** (0.072)

0.445*** (0.127)

0.566*** (0.100)

0.672*** (0.085)

0.538*** (0.061)

0.106 (0.128)

0.231** (0.101)

0.195** (0.088)

0.141** (0.063)

Quintile 5 = 1

0.616*** (0.145)

0.974*** (0.126)

1.139*** (0.099)

1.066*** (0.084)

0.513*** (0.131)

0.778*** (0.106)

0.743*** (0.085)

0.754*** (0.082)

0.223* (0.125)

0.391*** (0.107)

0.155* (0.085)

0.166** (0.076)

Female = 1

0.174** (0.082)

0.239*** (0.074)

0.160** (0.063)

-0.057 (0.052)

0.158** (0.073)

0.190*** (0.066)

0.116** (0.052)

-0.083 (0.051)

0.090 (0.073)

0.103* (0.061)

0.046 (0.053)

-0.054 (0.047)

Constant

-0.658*** (0.153)

-1.567*** (0.181)

-2.074*** (0.302)

-1.472*** (0.173)

-0.369*** (0.124)

-0.811*** (0.174)

-1.000*** (0.225)

-0.293 (0.204)

0.275** (0.128)

-0.196 (0.184)

0.012 (0.231)

0.584** (0.228)

Observations

1,718

2,391

2,411

3,882

1,693

2,285

2,325

3,707

1,689

2,285

2,323

3,702

R-squared

0.047

0.092

0.126

0.129

0.033

0.066

0.081

0.076

0.007

0.019

0.009

0.005

 

Stunting (<-2SD)

Underweight (<-2SD)

Overweight (>2SD)

VARIABLES

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

Quintile 2 = 1

-0.061* (0.032)

-0.150*** (0.038)

-0.118*** (0.039)

-0.118*** (0.026)

-0.010 (0.014)

-0.032*** (0.012)

-0.009* (0.005)

0.008 (0.011)

0.002 (0.022)

0.022 (0.017)

0.013 (0.019)

0.006 (0.014)

Quintile 3 = 1

-0.108*** (0.030)

-0.205*** (0.034)

-0.228*** (0.034)

-0.193*** (0.026)

-0.002 (0.018)

-0.033*** (0.012)

0.004 (0.009)

0.007 (0.007)

0.019 (0.027)

0.022 (0.017)

0.007 (0.017)

0.019 (0.017)

Quintile 4 = 1

-0.132*** (0.029)

-0.261*** (0.033)

-0.260*** (0.032)

-0.228*** (0.025)

-0.027** (0.012)

-0.031** (0.013)

-0.009* (0.005)

-0.008* (0.004)

0.013 (0.025)

0.006 (0.015)

0.036 (0.022)

0.025 (0.018)

Quintile 5 = 1

-0.098*** (0.034)

-0.285*** (0.031)

-0.298*** (0.033)

-0.255*** (0.023)

-0.029** (0.012)

-0.029** (0.014)

-0.006 (0.007)

-0.000 (0.006)

0.012 (0.030)

0.062*** (0.024)

0.040* (0.023)

0.070*** (0.020)

Female = 1

-0.047** (0.021)

-0.089*** (0.023)

-0.061*** (0.023)

0.025 (0.017)

-0.035*** (0.010)

-0.006 (0.007)

-0.004 (0.004)

-0.008 (0.006)

0.005 (0.019)

-0.002 (0.014)

-0.020 (0.017)

-0.025* (0.013)

Constant

0.216*** (0.030)

0.358*** (0.060)

0.566*** (0.090)

0.370*** (0.057)

0.069*** (0.016)

0.049** (0.023)

0.047** (0.021)

-0.010 (0.021)

0.109*** (0.027)

0.020 (0.034)

0.002 (0.064)

0.089* (0.052)

Observations

1,718

2,391

2,411

3,882

1,689

2,285

2,323

3,702

1,689

2,285

2,323

3,702

R-squared

0.031

0.073

0.072

0.059

0.022

0.010

0.005

0.005

0.003

0.010

0.006

0.011

 

Anemia

Vitamin A deficiency

Iron deficiency

VARIABLES

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

37-59 Months

6-11 Months

12-23 Months

6-11 Months

12-23 Months

Quintile 2 = 1

-0.039 (0.050)

-0.025 (0.036)

-0.097*** (0.034)

-0.096*** (0.033)

0.071 (0.095)

0.079 (0.059)

0.052 (0.078)

0.022 (0.055)

Quintile 3 = 1

-0.103* (0.054)

-0.073* (0.038)

-0.245*** (0.051)

-0.165*** (0.040)

0.028 (0.080)

0.077 (0.060)

0.046 (0.070)

0.035 (0.050)

Quintile 4 = 1

-0.137** (0.056)

-0.057 (0.041)

-0.228*** (0.043)

-0.234*** (0.039)

-0.056 (0.089)

-0.011 (0.069)

0.052 (0.071)

0.044 (0.066)

Quintile 5 = 1

-0.310*** (0.052)

-0.254*** (0.044)

-0.284*** (0.042)

-0.285*** (0.038)

-0.119 (0.078)

-0.061 (0.054)

-0.094* (0.055)

-0.054 (0.048)

Female = 1

-0.074** (0.033)

-0.038 (0.026)

-0.000 (0.030)

-0.082*** (0.024)

-0.012 (0.048)

-0.003 (0.038)

-0.120** (0.047)

-0.099*** (0.036)

Constant

0.440*** (0.063)

0.921*** (0.071)

1.205*** (0.126)

1.102*** (0.086)

0.381** (0.151)

0.216** (0.106)

0.080 (0.109)

0.543*** (0.086)

Observations

1,488

2,167

2,179

3,580

596

994

596

994

R-squared

0.089

0.040

0.057

0.057

0.020

0.016

0.048

0.037

 

Gross motor z-score

Communication z-score

VARIABLES

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

3-11 Months

12-23 Months

24-36 Months

Quintile 2 = 1

-0.035 (0.101)

-0.068 (0.099)

0.183 (0.111)

-0.157 (0.108)

-0.290*** (0.089)

0.068 (0.092)

Quintile 3 = 1

-0.029 (0.107)

-0.036 (0.085)

0.127 (0.120)

0.200** (0.097)

-0.259*** (0.085)

0.225** (0.089)

Quintile 4 = 1

-0.040 (0.102)

0.012 (0.118)

0.130 (0.113)

-0.014 (0.107)

-0.215** (0.103)

-0.032 (0.111)

Quintile 5 = 1

-0.013 (0.111)

0.144 (0.095)

0.404*** (0.116)

0.200 (0.123)

-0.114 (0.085)

0.228* (0.125)

Female = 1

-0.135** (0.060)

-0.048 (0.066)

-0.094 (0.070)

0.004 (0.064)

0.141** (0.063)

0.076 (0.059)

Constant

-0.149 (0.112)

-0.164 (0.154)

-0.147 (0.248)

0.078 (0.120)

0.153 (0.158)

-0.471 (0.290)

Observations

1,476

2,185

2,092

1,476

2,185

2,092

R-squared

0.011

0.007

0.019

0.021

0.017

0.014

  1. Note: ***significant at the 1% level; ** significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level. SE clustered at the PSU level (census sector or segment) in parentheses. OLS Estimation. Controls include child’s sex and a set of child dummies for age categories in months (0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20, 21-23, 24-26, 27-29, 30-32, 33-35, 36-38, 39-41, 42-44, 45-47, 48-50, 51-53, 54-56, 57-59). Quintiles are population quintiles using monthly per capita household consumption as the ranking variable. p-value (F-test for quintile effects) is the p-value of the F-test of Q2=Q3=Q4=Q5=0.