Table 10 Adjusted SES gradients in child development by region with IPW adjustments for missing data
From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia
| Â | Height for age z-score | Weight for age z-score | Weight for height z-score | |||||||||
VARIABLES | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands |
Quintile 2 = 1 | 0.298*** (0.054) | 0.240*** (0.086) | 0.209*** (0.075) | 0.302*** (0.095) | 0.237*** (0.046) | 0.193** (0.081) | 0.267*** (0.069) | 0.167** (0.075) | 0.080* (0.045) | 0.083 (0.066) | 0.184** (0.080) | -0.023 (0.096) |
Quintile 3 = 1 | 0.626*** (0.052) | 0.417*** (0.081) | 0.608*** (0.071) | 0.611*** (0.092) | 0.449*** (0.049) | 0.313*** (0.084) | 0.486*** (0.079) | 0.390*** (0.077) | 0.113** (0.050) | 0.080 (0.082) | 0.198*** (0.076) | 0.040 (0.104) |
Quintile 4 = 1 | 0.766*** (0.058) | 0.516*** (0.117) | 0.659*** (0.085) | 0.767*** (0.088) | 0.539*** (0.052) | 0.436*** (0.091) | 0.406*** (0.082) | 0.562*** (0.086) | 0.160*** (0.049) | 0.248** (0.105) | 0.062 (0.073) | 0.175 (0.108) |
Quintile 5 = 1 | 0.941*** (0.063) | 0.715*** (0.100) | 0.772*** (0.084) | 0.986*** (0.111) | 0.691*** (0.059) | 0.564*** (0.138) | 0.544*** (0.088) | 0.739*** (0.099) | 0.212*** (0.057) | 0.191 (0.148) | 0.145 (0.089) | 0.262** (0.108) |
Female | 0.119*** (0.035) | 0.183*** (0.055) | 0.130** (0.060) | 0.040 (0.060) | 0.085*** (0.030) | 0.223*** (0.047) | 0.063 (0.049) | -0.005 (0.056) | 0.038 (0.030) | 0.177*** (0.053) | 0.012 (0.046) | -0.040 (0.054) |
Constant | -1.278*** (0.053) | -1.599*** (0.092) | -1.327*** (0.075) | -0.800*** (0.097) | -0.573*** (0.048) | -0.781*** (0.081) | -0.565*** (0.074) | -0.304*** (0.094) | 0.200*** (0.051) | 0.159** (0.077) | 0.247*** (0.075) | 0.201 (0.126) |
Observations | 10,870 | 3,446 | 3,701 | 3,723 | 10,469 | 3,404 | 3,395 | 3,670 | 10,453 | 3,397 | 3,391 | 3,665 |
R-squared | 0.102 | 0.069 | 0.080 | 0.113 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.037 | 0.057 | 0.015 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.029 |
| Â | Stunting (%) | Underweight (%) | Overweight (%) | |||||||||
VARIABLES | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands |
Quintile 2 = 1 | -0.112*** (0.018) | -0.141*** (0.030) | -0.074*** (0.028) | -0.070** (0.033) | -0.010 (0.006) | -0.010 (0.010) | -0.017* (0.009) | -0.005 (0.013) | 0.004 (0.009) | 0.005 (0.014) | 0.009 (0.016) | -0.008 (0.019) |
Quintile 3 = 1 | -0.181*** (0.016) | -0.190*** (0.031) | -0.175*** (0.024) | -0.118*** (0.026) | -0.004 (0.006) | -0.006 (0.010) | -0.001 (0.010) | -0.007 (0.010) | 0.013 (0.010) | 0.013 (0.017) | 0.026 (0.017) | -0.009 (0.024) |
Quintile 4 = 1 | -0.213*** (0.017) | -0.196*** (0.037) | -0.200*** (0.025) | -0.158*** (0.030) | -0.018*** (0.005) | -0.022*** (0.007) | -0.008 (0.010) | -0.026*** (0.008) | 0.020* (0.011) | 0.048* (0.025) | -0.001 (0.016) | 0.012 (0.025) |
Quintile 5 = 1 | -0.232*** (0.016) | -0.259*** (0.034) | -0.219*** (0.022) | -0.156*** (0.031) | -0.015*** (0.006) | -0.013 (0.011) | -0.018** (0.009) | -0.015 (0.010) | 0.042*** (0.013) | 0.050 (0.033) | 0.011 (0.017) | 0.055* (0.028) |
Female | -0.039*** (0.011) | -0.067*** (0.025) | -0.043** (0.018) | -0.011 (0.016) | -0.012*** (0.003) | -0.017*** (0.005) | -0.012* (0.006) | -0.009 (0.006) | -0.011 (0.007) | 0.012 (0.011) | -0.018 (0.012) | -0.023* (0.013) |
Constant | 0.323*** (0.016) | 0.382*** (0.031) | 0.340*** (0.022) | 0.200*** (0.031) | 0.042*** (0.006) | 0.041*** (0.010) | 0.049*** (0.011) | 0.036*** (0.011) | 0.067*** (0.011) | 0.055*** (0.017) | 0.087*** (0.015) | 0.066** (0.031) |
Observations | 10,870 | 3,446 | 3,701 | 3,723 | 10,453 | 3,397 | 3,391 | 3,665 | 10,453 | 3,397 | 3,391 | 3,665 |
R-squared | 0.052 | 0.054 | 0.052 | 0.031 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Â | Anemia (%) | VAD (%) | Iron deficiency (%) | |||||||||
VARIABLES | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands |
Quintile 2 = 1 | -0.072*** (0.020) | -0.116*** (0.031) | -0.038 (0.032) | -0.060* (0.033) | 0.082 (0.052) | -0.117 (0.084) | 0.204** (0.080) | 0.111 (0.110) | 0.024 (0.047) | 0.102 (0.078) | 0.018 (0.070) | -0.094 (0.092) |
Quintile 3 = 1 | -0.149*** (0.024) | -0.139*** (0.046) | -0.073** (0.036) | -0.197*** (0.036) | 0.060 (0.052) | -0.158** (0.068) | 0.025 (0.077) | 0.158 (0.104) | 0.047 (0.042) | 0.104 (0.085) | 0.135** (0.065) | -0.065 (0.078) |
Quintile 4 = 1 | -0.170*** (0.025) | -0.084** (0.042) | -0.137*** (0.035) | -0.190*** (0.042) | -0.022 (0.063) | -0.183** (0.092) | -0.105* (0.060) | 0.036 (0.126) | 0.047 (0.050) | 0.418*** (0.107) | 0.088 (0.067) | -0.098 (0.095) |
Quintile 5 = 1 | -0.278*** (0.023) | -0.267*** (0.049) | -0.232*** (0.032) | -0.272*** (0.038) | -0.080* (0.045) | -0.182** (0.083) | -0.058 (0.061) | -0.096 (0.105) | -0.059 (0.037) | -0.022 (0.069) | -0.022 (0.053) | -0.098 (0.092) |
Female | -0.054*** (0.014) | -0.085*** (0.029) | -0.057*** (0.021) | -0.028 (0.023) | -0.001 (0.030) | 0.011 (0.050) | -0.005 (0.039) | -0.006 (0.059) | -0.110*** (0.031) | -0.148*** (0.055) | -0.132*** (0.043) | -0.058 (0.053) |
Constant | 0.813*** (0.021) | 0.907*** (0.032) | 0.783*** (0.029) | 0.749*** (0.039) | 0.454*** (0.059) | 0.611*** (0.104) | 0.385*** (0.082) | 0.504*** (0.133) | 0.349*** (0.049) | 0.465*** (0.088) | 0.353*** (0.070) | 0.270*** (0.100) |
Observations | 9,414 | 2,894 | 3,205 | 3,315 | 1,590 | 542 | 530 | 518 | 1,590 | 542 | 530 | 518 |
R-squared | 0.042 | 0.045 | 0.040 | 0.034 | 0.017 | 0.039 | 0.046 | 0.034 | 0.028 | 0.111 | 0.051 | 0.011 |
| Â | Gross motor z-score | Communication z-score | ||||||||||
VARIABLES | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | All | Highlands | Valleys | Lowlands | ||||
Quintile 2 = 1 | -0.008 (0.070) | 0.023 (0.103) | -0.069 (0.092) | -0.015 (0.186) | -0.166** (0.074) | -0.178 (0.108) | -0.156 (0.108) | -0.169 (0.173) | ||||
Quintile 3 = 1 | -0.007 (0.066) | 0.027 (0.141) | -0.145 (0.089) | 0.013 (0.111) | 0.041 (0.063) | -0.031 (0.117) | 0.012 (0.104) | 0.078 (0.114) | ||||
Quintile 4 = 1 | 0.006 (0.071) | -0.025 (0.142) | -0.179 (0.121) | 0.039 (0.109) | -0.083 (0.071) | 0.012 (0.126) | -0.155 (0.109) | -0.129 (0.119) | ||||
Quintile 5 = 1 | 0.110 (0.073) | -0.014 (0.173) | -0.033 (0.101) | 0.165 (0.150) | 0.099 (0.078) | 0.051 (0.163) | 0.113 (0.101) | 0.061 (0.153) | ||||
Female | -0.101** (0.041) | -0.073 (0.076) | -0.064 (0.061) | -0.154** (0.076) | 0.065 (0.040) | 0.055 (0.074) | 0.044 (0.059) | 0.096 (0.071) | ||||
Constant | -0.031 (0.062) | -0.076 (0.113) | -0.047 (0.086) | 0.084 (0.134) | 0.084 (0.065) | -0.034 (0.112) | -0.003 (0.100) | 0.284** (0.129) | ||||
Observations | 5,753 | 1,909 | 1,912 | 1,932 | 5,753 | 1,909 | 1,912 | 1,932 | ||||
R-squared | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.040 | ||||