Table 1 Health services utilization and background characteristics
Variables, n (%) or mean (SD) | Total (n = 6091) | Beneficiaries (n = 1069) | Non-beneficiaries (n = 5022) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables outpatient services utilization within two weeks | ||||
 Any outpatient visit | 0.054 | |||
  Yes | 461 (18.84) | 96 (22.12) | 365 (18.13) |  |
  No | 1986 (81.16) | 338 (77.88) | 1648 (81.87) |  |
 Outpatient institutions |  |  |  | 0.310 |
  Village clinic | 214 (44.12) | 35 (33.65) | 179 (46.98) |  |
  Town health center | 99 (20.41) | 27 (25.96) | 72 (18.90) |  |
  Public hospital above county-level | 142 (29.28) | 38 (36.54) | 104 (27.30) |  |
  Private hospital or clinic | 30 (6.19) | 4 (3.85) | 26 (6.82) |  |
Inpatient services utilization of patients within one year | ||||
 Any inpatient visit |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 1188 (19.50) | 276 (25.82) | 912 (18.16) |  |
  No | 4903 (80.50) | 793 (74.18) | 4110 (81.84) |  |
 Inpatient institutions |  |  |  | 0.274 |
  Town health center | 351 (27.04) | 83 (27.76) | 268 (26.83) |  |
  Public hospital of county-level | 742 (57.16) | 179 (59.87) | 563 (56.36) |  |
  Public hospital above city-level | 164 (12.63) | 28 (9.36) | 136 (13.61) |  |
  Private hospital or other institutions | 41 (3.16) | 9 (3.01) | 32 (3.20) |  |
Control variables | ||||
 Area |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Sinan County | 3090 (50.73) | 754 (70.53) | 2336 (46.52) |  |
  Dangyang County | 3001 (49.27) | 315 (29.47) | 2686 (53.48) |  |
 Distance between residence and nearest health services institutions (km) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
   ≤ 1 | 3037 (49.90) | 503(47.14) | 2534(50.49) |  |
  1~2 | 1913 (31.43) | 292(27.37) | 1621(32.30) |  |
  2~3 | 743 (12.21) | 182(17.06) | 561(11.18) |  |
  3~4 | 158 (2.60) | 25(2.34) | 133(2.65) |  |
   > 4 | 235 (3.86) | 65(6.09) | 170(3.39) |  |
 Household per capita annual income level |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Low income group | 1218 (20.00) | 368 (34.42) | 850 (16.93) |  |
  Lower income group | 1219 (20.01) | 243 (22.73) | 976 (19.43) |  |
  Middle income group | 1210 (19.87) | 193 (18.05) | 1017 (20.25) |  |
  Higher income group | 1226 (20.13) | 152 (14.22) | 1074 (21.39) |  |
  Highest income group | 1218 (20.00) | 113 (10.57) | 1105 (22.00) |  |
 Gender |  |  |  | 0.424 |
  Male | 2992 (49.17) | 537 (50.28) | 2455 (48.93) |  |
  Female | 3093 (50.83) | 531 (49.72) | 2562 (51.07) |  |
 Age group |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  15~24 | 489 (8.03) | 107 (10.01) | 382 (7.61) |  |
  25~44 | 1070 (17.57) | 164 (15.34) | 906 (18.04) |  |
  45~64 | 2856 (46.89) | 454 (42.47) | 2402 (47.83) |  |
   ≥ 65 | 1676 (27.52) | 344 (32.18) | 1332 (26.52) |  |
 Marital status |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Unmarried | 601 (9.91) | 156(14.70) | 445(8.89) |  |
  Married | 4851 (79.98) | 768(72.38) | 4083(81.59) |  |
  Divorced | 54 (0.89) | 15(1.41) | 39(0.78) |  |
  Widowed | 548 (9.04) | 116(10.93) | 432(8.63) |  |
  Other | 11 (0.18) | 6(0.57) | 5(0.10) |  |
 Education |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Illiteracy | 1062 (17.48) | 253(23.73) | 809(16.14) |  |
  Elementary school or junior high school | 4038 (66.45) | 691(64.82) | 3347(66.79) |  |
  High school or secondary vocational and technical school | 803 (13.21) | 90(8.44) | 713(14.23) |  |
  University degree | 174 (2.86) | 32(3.00) | 142(2.83) |  |
 Severity of disease within two weeks |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Not at all serious | 30 (1.22) | 4 (0.92) | 26 (1.29) |  |
  Not too serious | 386 (15.74) | 47 (10.83) | 339 (16.84) |  |
  Generally serious | 934 (38.08) | 125 (28.80) | 809 (40.19) |  |
  Relatively serious | 989 (40.32) | 223 (51.38) | 760 (37.75) |  |
  Very serious | 114 (4.65) | 35 (8.06) | 79 (3.92) |  |
The utility index of HRQoL | 0.854 (0.002) | 0.793 (0.006) | 0.866 (0.002) | < 0.001 |