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Table 1 Distribution of women by predictors and caesarean section (CS) delivery, and crude odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of having CS delivery in univariable model

From: Socioeconomic inequalities in the use of caesarean section delivery in Ghana: a cross-sectional study using nationally representative data

Predictors

N (%)

CS delivery (%)

Crude OR (95% CI)

P-value

4294 (100%)

Maternal age

< 0.0001

 15–24 years

923 (21.5)

6.6

ref.

 25–34 years

2026 (47.2)

11.5

2.42 (1.65, 3.55)

 35–49 years

1345 (31.3)

14.3

3.31 (2.39, 4.59)

Marital status

0.01

 Single

363 (8.5)

12.1

ref.

 Married

2801 (65.2)

11.9

1.52 (1.01, 2.28)

 Cohabitating

830 (19.3)

8.9

0.99 (0.62,1.60)

 Widow/Separated/Divorced

300 (7.0)

12.3

1.74 (0.84, 3.63)

Religion

0.06

 Traditional/other

324 (7.6)

5.6

ref.

 Islam

885 (20.6)

9.9

1.56 (0.69, 3.49)

 Christian

3085 (71.8)

12.4

1.97 (0.98, 3.96)

Ethnicity*

< 0.0001

 Northern tribes

1796 (41.8)

7.5

ref.

 Akan

1643 (38.3)

15.2

2.19 (1.62, 2.96)

 Ewe

476 (11.1)

11.3

1.50 (0.99, 2.27)

 Ga

198 (4.6)

16.2

2.93 (1.68, 5.14)

 Other

180 (4.2)

10.0

1.65 (0.85, 3.21)

Parity

< 0.0001

 1birth

935 (21.8)

16.6

ref.

 2 births

839 (19.5)

12.2

0.68 (0.51, 0.91)

  ≥ 3 births

2520 (58.7)

9.2

0.54 (0.41, 0.71)

Education

< 0.0001

 No education

1419 (33.0)

6.1

ref.

 Primary

869 (20.2)

8.5

1.88 (1.15, 3.07)

 Secondary

1837 (42.8)

14.8

3.10 (2.25, 4.27)

 Higher

169 (4.0)

33.1

8.28 (5.11, 13.41)

Place of residence

< 0.0001

 Rural

2516 (58.6)

7.3

ref.

 Urban

1778 (41.4)

17.1

2.55 (1.89, 3.43)

Wealth quintile

< 0.0001

 Poorest

1318 (30.6)

5.0

ref.

 Poorer

923 (21.5)

7.2

1.56 (1.01, 2.41)

 Middle

812 (18.9)

11.1

2.67 (1.82, 3.92)

 Richer

685 (16.0)

16.5

4.21 (2.81, 6.30)

 Richest

556 (13.0)

27.5

8.12 (5.52, 11.94)

Working status

0.8

 Unemployed

886 (20.6)

11.0

ref.

 Employed

3408 (79.4)

11.4

1.03 (0.75, 1.43)

  1. Abbreviations: N number of observations, % percent, *N = 4293 due to missing values, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, ref. reference