Cost | Perceived Stigma | Minimisation | Low Perceived Effectiveness | Structural Barriers | Other | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||||||||||
18–25 years old | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
26–34 years old | 1.413 | (1.294–1.543) | 0.674 | (0.615–0.739) | 0.755 | (0.685–0.832) | 0.716 | (0.618–0.829) | 0.878 | (0.804–0.959) | 1.139 | (0.970–1.337) |
35–49 years old | 1.486 | (1.341–1.647) | 0.575 | (0.515–0.642) | 0.649 | (0.583–0.723) | 0.612 | (0.519–0.721) | 0.724 | (0.658–0.797) | 1.245 | (1.070–1.448) |
50 or older | 1.121 | (0.981–1.282) | 0.380 | (0.320–0.452) | 0.706 | (0.608–0.819) | 0.688 | (0.535–0.884) | 0.585 | (0.498–0.688) | 1.388 | (1.074–1.795) |
Female | 1.069 | (0.993–1.150) | 0.748 | (0.695–0.806) | 1.015 | (0.928–1.111) | 0.893 | (0.782–1.019) | 1.268 | (1.177–1.366) | 0.965 | (0.836–1.115) |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Non-Hispanic Black | 0.700 | (0.611–0.803) | 1.070 | (0.946–1.211) | 1.086 | (0.939–1.255) | 0.673 | (0.538–0.841) | 0.890 | (0.783–1.012) | 0.803 | (0.621–1.038) |
Non-Hispanic Native American or Alaskan Native | 0.536 | (0.410–0.701) | 1.070 | (0.789–1.452) | 0.904 | (0.613–1.334) | 0.597 | (0.349–1.021) | 1.007 | (0.729–1.391) | 1.361 | (0.808–2.293) |
Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0.734 | (0.369–1.460) | 2.060 | (0.926–4.581) | 1.861 | (0.910–3.804) | 1.162 | (0.542–2.492) | 1.431 | (0.652–3.140) | 0.882 | (0.354–2.201) |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.835 | (0.620–1.123) | 1.185 | (0.948–1.482) | 1.101 | (0.869–1.394) | 1.044 | (0.687–1.588) | 1.349 | (1.059–1.716) | 0.858 | (0.504–1.461) |
Non-Hispanic Mixed | 0.889 | (0.707–1.116) | 0.951 | (0.768–1.179) | 0.918 | (0.723–1.167) | 1.026 | (0.790–1.331) | 1.148 | (0.900–1.465) | 1.853 | (1.262–2.722) |
Hispanic | 0.740 | (0.653–0.839) | 1.059 | (0.929–1.209) | 0.993 | (0.873–1.131) | 0.691 | (0.548–0.871) | 1.015 | (0.897–1.148) | 0.893 | (0.717–1.111) |
Marital Status | ||||||||||||
Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Married | 0.948 | (0.859–1.046) | 0.944 | (0.847–1.052) | 1.050 | (0.947–1.165) | 0.749 | (0.645–0.869) | 1.034 | (0.943–1.134) | 0.776 | (0.635–0.949) |
Widowed | 0.847 | (0.649–1.107) | 0.743 | (0.536–1.030) | 0.930 | (0.665–1.300) | 0.579 | (0.310–1.083) | 0.812 | (0.582–1.131) | 0.685 | (0.446–1.052) |
Divorced or Separated | 1.119 | (0.998–1.255) | 0.914 | (0.797–1.047) | 0.978 | (0.854–1.120) | 0.791 | (0.639–0.978) | 0.979 | (0.858–1.116) | 0.916 | (0.750–1.119) |
MSA/CBSA Size | ||||||||||||
1 million or more | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Fewer than 1 million | 0.989 | (0.916–1.068) | 1.169 | (1.081–1.264) | 1.084 | (1.007–1.167) | 1.044 | (0.920–1.185) | 0.845 | (0.780–0.915) | 1.136 | (0.975–1.322) |
Not a MSA/CBSA | 0.934 | (0.828–1.052) | 1.445 | (1.266–1.649) | 1.167 | (1.023–1.331) | 0.985 | (0.768–1.263) | 0.915 | (0.812–1.032) | 0.836 | (0.638–1.095) |
Educational Attainment | ||||||||||||
Elementary School | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Middle School | 1.083 | (0.605–1.939) | 1.085 | (0.570–2.066) | 1.203 | (0.465–3.108) | 0.879 | (0.247–3.121) | 1.153 | (0.654–2.034) | 2.015 | (0.925–4.389) |
High School | 1.095 | (0.648–1.851) | 0.941 | (0.525–1.687) | 1.437 | (0.593–3.486) | 0.893 | (0.318–2.508) | 1.629 | (1.034–2.568) | 4.072 | (1.911–8.678) |
College or Higher | 1.178 | (0.703–1.976) | 1.002 | (0.554–1.810) | 1.672 | (0.691–4.045) | 1.109 | (0.397–3.100) | 2.166 | (1.379–3.400) | 5.125 | (2.389–10.99) |
Employment Status | ||||||||||||
Full Time | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Part Time | 1.052 | (0.957–1.155) | 0.885 | (0.796–0.983) | 1.012 | (0.928–1.102) | 1.012 | (0.893–1.147) | 0.880 | (0.801–0.966) | 1.369 | (1.161–1.615) |
Unemployed | 1.127 | (0.977–1.299) | 0.932 | (0.812–1.070) | 0.795 | (0.687–0.920) | 0.794 | (0.615–1.026) | 0.838 | (0.723–0.971) | 1.531 | (1.207–1.943) |
Other (including not in labour force) | 0.804 | (0.732–0.883) | 0.921 | (0.833–1.019) | 1.041 | (0.935–1.159) | 1.118 | (0.967–1.292) | 0.906 | (0.820–1.000) | 1.943 | (1.649–2.290) |
Annual Household Income | ||||||||||||
Less than $20,000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
$20,000–$49,999 | 1.096 | (0.995–1.207) | 0.951 | (0.869–1.040) | 0.960 | (0.861–1.070) | 0.962 | (0.830–1.115) | 0.897 | (0.821–0.980) | 1.053 | (0.890–1.245) |
$50,000–$74,999 | 0.881 | (0.786–0.988) | 1.009 | (0.891–1.142) | 1.074 | (0.951–1.212) | 1.232 | (0.997–1.522) | 0.947 | (0.846–1.060) | 0.913 | (0.714–1.167) |
$75,000 or more | 0.569 | (0.511–0.634) | 1.045 | (0.923–1.183) | 1.340 | (1.190–1.509) | 1.224 | (1.014–1.478) | 0.984 | (0.883–1.098) | 1.105 | (0.875–1.395) |
Receives Government Assistance | 1.005 | (0.906–1.116) | 0.982 | (0.886–1.090) | 0.872 | (0.783–0.972) | 0.933 | (0.800–1.088) | 1.109 | (1.001–1.227) | 1.048 | (0.893–1.230) |
Self-Rated Health | ||||||||||||
Good, very good, or excellent | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Fair, poor, or very poor | 1.245 | (1.126–1.375) | 1.133 | (1.023–1.256) | 0.750 | (0.668–0.842) | 1.011 | (0.831–1.230) | 0.898 | (0.815–0.989) | 1.101 | (0.925–1.310) |
Health Insurer | ||||||||||||
Private | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Medicare | 0.860 | (0.729–1.013) | 1.141 | (0.922–1.413) | 0.649 | (0.506–0.833) | 0.703 | (0.473–1.047) | 0.958 | (0.801–1.147) | 1.119 | (0.834–1.501) |
Medicaid | 0.795 | (0.700–0.902) | 1.095 | (0.968–1.238) | 0.801 | (0.694–0.924) | 0.996 | (0.809–1.227) | 1.038 | (0.908–1.187) | 1.207 | (0.984–1.480) |
Tricare or VA | 0.482 | (0.379–0.613) | 1.168 | (0.894–1.526) | 1.068 | (0.796–1.433) | 0.987 | (0.690–1.410) | 1.092 | (0.806–1.479) | 1.695 | (1.198–2.399) |
Other | 1.609 | (1.343–1.927) | 0.861 | (0.709–1.046) | 0.772 | (0.643–0.927) | 0.786 | (0.544–1.137) | 0.824 | (0.656–1.034) | 0.796 | (0.571–1.110) |
Uninsured | 3.656 | (3.255–4.106) | 0.624 | (0.568–0.685) | 0.497 | (0.443–0.558) | 0.647 | (0.542–0.772) | 0.688 | (0.621–0.761) | 0.914 | (0.771–1.083) |
Past-Year Substance Abuse or Dependence | ||||||||||||
Alcohol | 1.032 | (0.946–1.125) | 1.163 | (1.065–1.271) | 0.882 | (0.797–0.977) | 1.029 | (0.896–1.182) | 0.975 | (0.882–1.077) | 0.670 | (0.358–1.254) |
Pain Relievers | 1.005 | (0.846–1.195) | 1.359 | (1.142–1.619) | 0.708 | (0.571–0.878) | 0.710 | (0.523–0.964) | 0.853 | (0.716–1.015) | 0.601 | (0.226–1.595) |
Cocaine | 0.926 | (0.742–1.156) | 1.186 | (0.955–1.474) | 1.077 | (0.804–1.444) | 0.628 | (0.408–0.967) | 0.821 | (0.612–1.101) | 1.135 | (0.904–1.425) |
Hallucinogens | 1.043 | (0.736–1.479) | 1.056 | (0.754–1.478) | 1.072 | (0.722–1.592) | 0.815 | (0.431–1.542) | 0.773 | (0.547–1.092) | 0.694 | (0.297–1.624) |
Heroin | 1.072 | (0.763–1.505) | 0.515 | (0.378–0.703) | 0.947 | (0.591–1.516) | 0.704 | (0.400–1.241) | 1.029 | (0.703–1.506) | 0.855 | (0.498–1.468) |
Inhalants | 1.200 | (0.674–2.139) | 0.617 | (0.317–1.198) | 0.816 | (0.420–1.583) | 0.598 | (0.278–1.286) | 0.636 | (0.308–1.316) | 1.690 | (1.069–2.671) |
Marijuana | 1.036 | (0.921–1.165) | 0.960 | (0.834–1.105) | 0.886 | (0.766–1.026) | 0.965 | (0.801–1.164) | 0.800 | (0.705–0.909) | 0.670 | (0.358–1.254) |
Sedatives | 0.921 | (0.525–1.616) | 1.537 | (0.855–2.765) | 0.676 | (0.409–1.117) | 0.967 | (0.475–1.970) | 0.550 | (0.328–0.924) | 0.601 | (0.226–1.595) |
Stimulants | 0.996 | (0.762–1.302) | 1.647 | (1.182–2.296) | 0.598 | (0.450–0.794) | 1.140 | (0.726–1.788) | 1.122 | (0.768–1.639) | 1.135 | (0.904–1.425) |
Tranquilizers | 1.063 | (0.783–1.443) | 1.272 | (0.904–1.790) | 0.780 | (0.571–1.066) | 0.980 | (0.645–1.489) | 0.918 | (0.648–1.302) | 0.694 | (0.297–1.624) |