Measuring and explaining changing patterns of inequality in institutional deliveries between urban and rural women in Ghana: a decomposition analysis

Amporfu, Eugenia; Grépin, Karen A.

doi:10.1186/s12939-019-1025-z

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 1 Sociodemographic and pregnancy-related characteristics of the sample

From: Measuring and explaining changing patterns of inequality in institutional deliveries between urban and rural women in Ghana: a decomposition analysis

Characteristic	Full Sample		2003		2008		2014
Characteristic	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban
Proportion of the Sample	65.5	34.5	72.9	27.1	66.6	33.4	60.2	39.8
Sociodemographic Characteristics
Age (%)
15–19	3.81	3.27	3.39	3.45	3.66	4.60	4.15	2.56
20–24	19.11	16.28	18.17	18.70	20.88	16.70	18.50	15.10
25–29	26.49	26.87	26.06	27.13	27.86	26.90	24.55	26.66
30–34	20.91	25.67	21.46	24.83	18.42	23.60	22.01	26.88
35–39	17.36	17.98	17.67	15.72	16.72	18.70	17.66	18.60
40–44	9.08	7.41	8.78	6.71	8.79	6.70	9.52	8.19
45–49	3.84	2.51	4.46	3.45	3.66	2.80	3.62	2.01
Education (%)
No education	48.60	21.37	56.09	24.26	47.34	18.90	43.67	21.26
Primary education	22.67	19.69	20.85	22.91	24.75	22.90	22.91	16.98
Secondary education	28.05	52.68	22.78	49.76	27.36	52.80	32.37	53.88
Tertiary education	0.68	6.26	0.29	3.07	0.55	5.40	1.05	7.98
Ethnicity (%)
Akan	34.87	48.98	36.48	54.97	34.18	50.21	34.22	46.01
Ga/Dangme	4.52	6.96	6.51	8.82	3.93	6.90	3.44	6.18
Ewe	11.79	11.91	12.32	10.87	12.77	12.74	10.88	12.02
Other	48.81	32.15	44.69	25.33	49.12	30.15	51.46	35.79
Wealth Quintile (%)
1 (Poorest)	46.80	5.67	44.84	2.78	47.89	1.90	47.66	8.49
2	29.84	7.58	29.13	4.12	29.07	7.70	30.90	8.96
3	16.23	20.96	18.53	15.63	12.90	22.90	15.79	22.35
4	5.88	32.59	5.53	36.82	7.58	35.10	5.14	29.91
5 (Wealthiest)	1.25	33.21	1.96	40.65	1.66	32.40	0.51	30.29
Region of Residence (%)
Western	14.43	8.45	9.39	8.53	8.84	9.40	11.10	8.06
Central	8.71	8.01	6.82	4.79	8.23	6.30	10.31	10.15
Greater Accra	2.31	20.15	2.68	25.31	1.76	24.40	2.37	16.04
Volta	8.72	6.17	8.10	4.51	9.34	5.90	8.95	7.00
Eastern	9.31	7.99	8.89	6.42	9.34	7.50	9.60	8.75
Ashanti	10.05	17.68	12.53	21.76	12.45	19.10	6.78	15.32
Brong Ahafo	10.42	11.47	11.25	13.81	8.73	9.20	10.82	11.52
Northern	18.62	10.34	18.71	9.49	18.72	10.60	18.42	10.67
Upper East	10.00	5.36	9.75	1.73	9.79	3.20	10.37	7.85
Upper West	11.87	4.37	11.89	3.64	12.80	4.40	11.27	4.65
Marital Status (%)
Married/Co-habiting	87.35	87.06	92.25	88.97	92.12	87.70	87.49	85.75
Formerly married	5.57	6.17	5.93	6.62	4.62	5.80	6.33	6.36
Never married	3.92	6.77	1.82	4.41	3.26	6.50	6.19	7.89
Religion (%)
Christian	66.35	71.86	61.30	77.37	64.41	69.40	71.38	70.48
Muslim	18.16	24.66	20.71	20.81	16.82	26.70	17.09	25.55
Traditional	8.06	0.99	7.78	0.19	12.15	1.40	5.93	1.15
No religion	7.33	2.42	10.07	1.63	6.43	2.20	0.00	0.00
Other	0.10	0.07	0.14	0.00	0.20	0.30	5.59	2.82
Distance to Healthcare Facility (%)
Major barrier to accessing care	45.34	17.55	53.16	15.34	41.62	17.40	41.07	18.52
Not a barrier/small barrier to accessing care	54.53	82.45	46.84	79.87	58.03	82.60	58.93	81.48
Pregnancy Characteristics
Number of antenatal visits attended (mean)	7.13	8.89	7.78	12.10	7.69	9.47	6.35	7.28
Attended 4+ antenatal visits (%)	74.23	91.03	64.74	88.86	73.19	90.43	82.36	92.33
Experienced pregnancy complications (%)	67.88	79.27	54.43	68.24	63.80	76.23	79.86	85.53
Delivered in an institutional setting (%)	43.10	84.69	27.70	78.33	39.16	82.80	56.50	88.10
Parity (mean)	4.05	3.13	4.17	3.24	4.00	3.09	4.00	3.12
Total Observations	8259	4343	2801	1043	1992	1000	3540	2344

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