Mental health problems and socioeconomic disadvantage: a controlled household study in rural Ethiopia

Hailemichael, Yohannes; Hanlon, Charlotte; Tirfessa, Kebede; Docrat, Sumaiyah; Alem, Atalay; Medhin, Girmay; Fekadu, Abebaw; Lund, Crick; Chisholm, Dan; Hailemariam, Damen

doi:10.1186/s12939-019-1020-4

Table 4 Regression coefficient of log of consumption by mental health conditions, severity and covariates

From: Mental health problems and socioeconomic disadvantage: a controlled household study in rural Ethiopia

(a) Severe mental disorder (SMD) study
Characteristics	N (%), mean (SD)	Household log of consumption
Characteristics	N (%), mean (SD)	unadjusted model	adjusted model
Mental health conditions, n (%)		β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Households of SMD with higher disability	148 (25.6)	− 0.058 (− 0.200, 0.085)	−0.106 (− 0.509, 0.273)
Households of SMD with lower disability	141 (24.4)	−0.033 (− 0.184, 0.116)	−0.010 (− 0.152, 0.172)
Households without SMD	289 (50.0)	1.00	1.00
Household characteristics^†
Household Composition††, mean (SD)	2.7 (0.9)	0.091*(0.021, 0.162)	0.030 (−0.051, 0.112)
Male household head	433(75.4)	0.108 (−0.027, 0.244)	0.063 (− 0.061, 0.188)
Urban residence	108(18.7)	0.322*** (0.168, 0.476)	0.083 (−0.300, 0.184)
Household head with no formal education	363(62.7)	−0.155 (− 0.340, 0.029)	−0.198 (− 0.387, 0.010)
Log of income		0.248 ***(0.186, 0.309)	0.227 ***(0.145, 0.309)
Total debt††	341.2(974.5) ‡	0.0001*** (0.000, 0.00014)	0.0007* (0.00001, 0.00010)
Lowest Wealth	109(18.9)	−0.771***(− 0.946, − 0.595)	−0.684 ***(− 0.923, − 0.445)
Log of annual health expenditure		0.011 (− 0.060, 0.083)	- 0.013 (− 0.073, 0.047)
(b) Depression study
Characteristics	N(%), or mean (SD)	Household log of consumption
Characteristics	N(%), or mean (SD)	unadjusted model	adjusted model
Mental health conditions (%)		β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Depression with higher disability	65 (25.3)	−0.288** (−0.491, − 0.085)	−0.122* (− 0.349, − 0.104)
Depression with lower disability	63 (24.5)	−0.023 (− 0.257, 0.209)	- 0.016 (− 0.157, 0.245)
Comparison households for depression	129 (50.2)	1.00^†	1.00^†
Household characteristics^†
Household Composition††,mean (SD)	2.6 (0.8)	−0.225***(− 0.339, 0.110)	−0.150 ***(− 0.292, − 0.081)
Male household head	197 (77.6)	0.082 (− 0.138, 0.303)	0.018 (− 0.236, 0.273)
Urban residence	51(19.8)	0.322*** (0.168, 0.476)	0.064 (− 0.317, 0.189)
Household head with no formal education	149 (58.2)	− 0.565***(− 0.827, − 0.302)	−0.256 (− 0.565, 0.052)
Log of income		0.323*** (0.217, 0.429)	0.201 **(0.088, 0.314)
Total debt††	536.2 (1396.5) ‡	0.00008*(0.00001, 0.00014)	0.00007* (0.00002, 0.00012)
Lowest Wealth		−0.577***(− 0.862, − 0.292)	−0.311**(− 0.684, 0.061)
Log of annual health expenditure		0.251*** (0.159,0.342)	0.209***(0.123, 0.294)

* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ‡ = Birr; US$1 = Birr 20.69 (2015); CI, confidence interval; All estimates are based on OLS regression of change in outcome variables, controlling for covariate. Coefficient of a specific disorder (SMDs or depression) is from a separate OLS regression. †† HC (headcount); ^† Reference group for household characteristics (female household head, rural residence, and more than primary education)

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