Table 1 Study characteristics including author, publication year, population, outcome, analytical approach, intersectional inequality and quality rating
From: Languishing in the crossroad? A scoping review of intersectional inequalities in mental health
Author and publ. Year | Population (sample, age, setting and size) | Outcome measure | Analytical approach | Intersectional inequality (direction of association) | Quality rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender and Race/ethnicity | |||||
Mair C., 2010 [34] | Population sample > 60 yrs., US (n = 10 441) | Symptom scale: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (depressive symptoms) | Ordinary least squares regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (antagonistic) | 4/5 |
Evans, C. R. and Erickson N., 2019 [31] | Population sample, age wave 1: 15, wave 2: 28 yrs., US (n = 15 388) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Linear regression, absolute measure inequality | Excess: Female and Native American (synergistic) Female and Black (n.s) Female and Latina (n.s) Female and Asian/Pacific Islander (n.s) | 5/5 |
Hardeman R., et al., 2015 [32] | Medical students, US (n = 3 191) | Symptom scale: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (depressive symptoms) | Generalized linear regression, relative measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Symptom scale: PROMIS (anxiety symptoms) | Excess (antagonistic) | 5/5 | |||
Rosenfield S., 2012 [29] | Data set 1: population sample 15–54 yrs., US (n = 5 877) | Diagnostic interview: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (antisocial personality disorder and conduct disorder) | Logistic regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (synergistic) | 5/5 |
Diagnostic interview: CIDI (depression) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | |||
Data set 2: State sample (New Jersey) US 15,18 and 21 yrs. (n = 1 308,) | Symptom scale: Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)-90R (antisocial problems) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | ||
Symptom scale: HSCL-90R (depressive symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | |||
Roxburg S., 2009 [33] | Population sample 18–64 yrs., US (n = 24 998) | Symptom scale: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) (psychological distress) | Ordinary least squares regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Gender and Socioeconomic position | |||||
Green M. J. and Benzeval M., 2011 [34] | Age at baseline: 15, 35 and 55. Follow-up time: 20 yrs. Scottland, UK (n = 3846) | Symptom scale: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (depressive symptoms) | Logistic regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 3/5 |
Symptom scale: HADS (anxiety symptoms) | Excess (synergistic) | 4/5 | |||
Green M., et al., 2014 [35] | Age at baseline: 36. Follow-up time: 20 yrs., Skottland, UK (n = 999) | Symptom scale: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) -12 (depressive symptoms) | Structural equation model with latent variables, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 4/5 |
Gibson P. A., et al., 2016 [36] | 18–26 yrs. (n = 4302), USA | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Nested negative binomial regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Ross C. E., and Mirowsky J., 2006 [37] | Population sample, 18–95 yrs., US (n = 2 592) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Ordinary least squares regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (synergistic) | 4/5 |
Schieman S., 2002 [38] | Workers 18–55 yrs., Canada (n = 994) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Ordinary least squares regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (synergistic) | 5/5 |
Excess (n.s) | |||||
Gustafsson P., et al. 2016 [16] | National sample 18–84 yrs., Sweden (n = 25 585) | Symptom scale: GHQ-12 (depressive symptoms) | Analysis of variance (Aim 1) and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis (Aim 2), absolute measure of inequality | Joint (significant) | 5/5 |
Socioeconomic position and Race/Ethnicity | |||||
Valdez L. A., and Langellier B. A., 2015 [39] | > 18 yrs., US (n = 6 070) | Symptom scale:Kessler 6 (psychological distress) | Linear regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess: household income and ethnicity (n.s) | 4/5 |
Excess: education and ethnicity (n.s) | |||||
Gender and Race/ethnicity and Socioeconomic position | |||||
Wamala et al., 2009 [40] | National sample 16–84 yrs., Sweden (n = 56 889) | Symptom scale:GHQ-12 (depressive symptoms) | Logistic regression, relative measure of inequality | Joint (significant) | 5/5 |
Rosenfield S., 2012 [29] | Data set 1: population sample 15–54 yrs., US (n = 5 877) | Diagnostic interview: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (antisocial personality disorder and conduct disorder) | Logistic regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Diagnostic interview: CIDI (depression) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | |||
Data set 2: State sample (New Jersey) US15,18 and 21 yrs. (n = 1 308,) | Symptom scale: Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)-90R (antisocial problems) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | ||
Symptom scale: HSCL-90R (depressive symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | |||
Sexual orientation and Gender | |||||
Becker M., et al., 2014 [41] | 18–28 yrs., US (n = 2 451) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Analysis of variance (ANOVA), absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Symptom scale: SIS (suicidal ideation) | Excess (n.s) | ||||
Li G., et al., 2016 [42] | Mean age 21 yrs., US (n = 9 421) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | ANOVA, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Cohen J. M., et al., 2016 [43] | Mean age 18 yrs., US (n = 314) | Symptom scale: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-Q)-9 (anxiety symptoms) | Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Symptom scale: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) (post traumatic stress symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | ||||
Social Phobia Diagnostic Questionnaire (SPDQ) (social phobia symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | ||||
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) -II (depressive symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | ||||
Strong S. M., et al. 2000 [44] | 18–32 yrs., US (n = 412) | Symptom scale: BDI (depressive symptoms) | Stepwise multiple regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Symptom scale: Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) (eating disorder symptoms) | Chi-square test, absolute measure of inequality | Joint (significant) | |||
Davids C. M., and Green M. A., 2011 [45] | 18–80 yrs., US (n = 454) | Symptom scale: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (eating disorder symptoms) | Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 4/5 |
Lundberg J., et al., 2009 [23] | 18–70 yrs., Sweden (n = 14 854) | Symptom scale: GHQ-12 (common mental disorder symptoms) | Logistic regression, relative measure of inequality | Joint (significant) | 5/5 |
Garratt E., A., et al., 2016 [46] | Parents to children born 2000–01, UK (n = 83 395) | Symptom scale: Kessler 6 (common mental disorder symptoms) | Linear fixed-effects panel regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (antagonistic) | 5/5 |