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Table 5 Factors associated with catastrophic health expenditure for diabetes care

From: Incidence, socio-economic inequalities and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment for diabetes care in South Africa: a study at two public hospitals in Tshwane

Variable

Catastrophic health expenditure

Impoverishment

WHO standard method (Threshold = 10%)

Ataguba method

Ataguba method

Approach 1

Approach 2

Approach 2; y = 0.8

Approach 2; ƴ = 1

Approach 1

Approach 2

OR

SE

OR

SE

OR

SE

OR

SE

OR

SE

OR

SE

Age

0.9937

0.0184

0.9959

0.0120

1.0256

0.0158

1.0131

0.0175

1.0414

0.0468

0.9867

0.0248

Female gender

3.7193***

2.0622

1.7343*

0.5177

1.2347

0.4867

2.1125

1.0001

12.8261**

15.9804

2.9832

2.1404

Non-African

0.1620*

0.1733

1.0108

0.3688

1.0463

0.4895

1.4307

0.7103

1

–

0.2506

0.2789

Single marital status

0.6182

0.2984

0.7161

0.2097

0.8858

0.3454

0.5065

0.2210

0.0082***

0.0127

0.2991*

0.1900

No children

4.0092**

2.7129

1.3224

0.5922

3.3594**

1.8273

3.5447**

2.1681

20.380**

34.5052

1.2749

1.5671

Secondary education

1.7726

1.1278

0.8512

0.3249

1.0830

0.5281

0.8946

0.4925

3.6523

4.8304

3.1172

3.5001

Tertiary education

1.0491

1.0245

0.7017

0.3958

0.8271

0.6336

0.2656

0.2599

7.3091

16.0224

1.2380

2.0591

Employed

1.0750

0.4998

0.8921

0.2709

0.6371

0.2754

0.6547

0.3148

0.2977

0.3094

0.4226

0.3016

5+ household size

2.7367**

1.3242

1.1987

0.3603

1.3905

0.5499

0.8822

0.4086

3.7812

4.0300

2.5163

1.6182

Index quintile 2

0.5412

0.2913

0.7519

0.2736

0.7406

0.3527

0.6004

0.3349

0.0700*

0.1077

0.5701

0.4458

Index quintile 3

0.4732

0.2712

0.4915*

0.1978

0.5804

0.2981

0.5009

0.3023

0.0387**

0.0617

0.1985

0.2312

Index quintile 4

1

–

0.3054**

0.1517

0.3211*

0.2153

0.3737

0.2862

1

–

0.7353

0.6452

Index quintile 5

0.4553

0.4103

0.2989**

0.1672

0.3558

0.2657

0.8386

0.6068

0.2136

0.4225

0.7142

0.9356

Sample (n)

256

 

297

 

297

 

295

 

198

 

297

 

Pseudo R2

0.145

 

0.0574

 

0.0596

 

0.0743

 

0.4151

 

0.1758

 
  1. Notes: Results are for logistic regression models. ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1, OR - Odds ratio, SE - Standard error. Approach 1 estimates catastrophic health expenditure using health costs only, while approach 2 uses health costs plus transport costs. Ataguba method (y = 0.8) - threshold varies with household expenditure. Ataguba method (y = 1) - constant threshold of 10%