General practice for the poor and specialist services for the rich: inequality evidence from a cross-sectional survey on Hangzhou residents, China

Zhang, Tao; Liu, Chaojie; Liu, Lingrui; Gan, Yong; Lu, Wei; Tao, Hongbing

doi:10.1186/s12939-019-0966-6

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Decomposition of concentration index of probability and frequency of specialist visitation

From: General practice for the poor and specialist services for the rich: inequality evidence from a cross-sectional survey on Hangzhou residents, China

variables	C_j	Probability of specialist visits (n = 1048)			Frequency of specialist visits (n = 365)
variables	C_j	Margin	Absolute Contribution	Percentage contribution	Margin	Absolute Contribution	Percentage contribution
Gender
Male	Ref.				Ref.
Female	−0.0568	0.3465	−0.0337	−26.82	1.1044	−0.0225	−17.62
Age (years)
18–25	Ref.				Ref.
26–35	0.1422	0.3148	0.0571	45.41	1.4444*	0.0549	42.95
36–45	0.1159	0.3525	0.0203	16.12	1.6410	0.0198	15.47
46–55	−0.2663	0.3049	−0.0224	−17.78	1.0627	−0.0163	−12.77
≥ 56	−0.3595	0.2498	−0.0203	−16.15	2.6640*	−0.0454	−35.51
Household registration
Non-local	Ref.				Ref.
Local	0.0789	0.3322	0.0382	30.36	1.1183	0.0269	21.07
Marital status
Single	Ref.				Ref.
Married	0.0613	0.3701	0.0463	36.83	1.1000	0.0289	22.56
Divorced/separated/widowed	−0.0338	0.4538	−0.0028	−2.26	1.0574	−0.0014	−1.09
Per Capita Monthly household income (¥)
< 3000	Ref.				Ref.
3000-	−0.6164	0.5995**	−0.2670	− 212.25	1.8126	− 0.1692	−132.29
5000-	−0.1106	0.5671*	−0.0434	−34.53	1.4094	−0.0226	−17.69
8000-	0.2900	0.6627**	0.0859	68.31	1.0810	0.0294	22.97
≥ 10,000	0.7137	0.6626**	0.3829	304.38	1.2922	0.1565	122.37
Education
Primary school or below	Ref.				Ref.
Junior high school	−0.4104	0.1499*	−0.0163	−12.94	2.2946	−0.0522	−40.83
Senior high school	−0.1018	0.2491	−0.0178	−14.18	8.0541**	−0.1209	−94.51
Bachelor degree	0.0373	0.2772	0.0128	10.20	5.5061**	0.0534	41.75
Postgraduate degree	0.3241	0.2663	0.0473	37.60	7.7246**	0.2875	224.81
Medical insurance
Uninsured	Ref.				Ref.
Insured	0.0158	0.3585*	0.0146	11.58	1.0551*	0.0090	7.02
Contracted GP
No	Ref.				Ref.
Yes	−0.0074	0.4107*	−0.0029	−2.28	1.1306	−0.0017	−1.29
Walking distance of nearest CHC (minutes)
<15	Ref.				Ref.
15–30	−0.0347	0.3165	−0.0114	−9.09	0.9143	−0.0069	−5.41
>30	0.0770	0.3888	0.0226	17.97	1.0282	0.0125	9.80
Chronic diseases
No	Ref.				Ref.
Yes	−0.1985	0.4747*	−0.0512	−40.66	1.1189	−0.0253	−19.76
Self-rated health status
Bad	Ref.				Ref.
Fair	−0.0209	0.2964*	−0.0085	−6.73	0.7981*	−0.0048	−3.73
good	0.0196	0.2655*	0.0067	5.29	0.8222*	0.0043	3.38
LR chi2		129.40**			119.03**
R²		0.0955			0.1464

Note:*: p < 0.05, * *: p < 0.001

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