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Table 4 Association between sociodemographic factors and health insurance (n = 14,443)

From: Sociodemographic patterns of health insurance coverage in Namibia

Sociodemographic characteristics

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

RR (95% CI)

p

RR (95% CI)

p

RR (95% CI)

p

Sex

 Men

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 Women

0.80 (0.74–0.87)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.71–0.88)

< 0.001

0.83 (0.74–0.94)

0.003

Age group

 15–19

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 20–24

1.07 (0.91–1.27)

0.421

0.99 (0.80–1.23)

0.951

0.64 (0.54–0.75)

< 0.001

 25–29

1.39 (1.18–1.64)

< 0.001

1.30 (1.00–1.68)

0.049

0.70 (0.60–0.82)

< 0.001

 30–34

1.98 (1.69–2.32)

< 0.001

1.80 (1.40–2.32)

< 0.001

0.83 (0.73–0.96)

0.010

 35–39

2.12 (1.81–2.49)

< 0.001

1.97 (1.45–2.68)

< 0.001

0.89 (0.75–1.06)

0.200

 40–44

2.65 (2.26–3.10)

< 0.001

2.28 (1.67–3.10)

< 0.001

0.98 (0.82–1.16)

0.784

 45–49

3.09 (2.63–3.63)

< 0.001

2.66 (1.98–3.57)

< 0.001

1.13 (0.93–1.38)

0.233

 50–64

2.45 (2.09–2.88)

< 0.001

2.35 (1.80–3.07)

< 0.001

1.08 (0.87–1.33)

0.503

Education level

 No education

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 Primary

1.55 (1.13–2.12)

0.006

1.53 (1.13–2.07)

0.006

1.28 (0.99–1.66)

0.060

 Secondary

4.50 (3.38–6.00)

< 0.001

3.44 (2.73–4.34)

< 0.001

2.35 (1.92–2.88)

< 0.001

 Higher

16.81 (12.55–22.51)

< 0.001

9.42 (6.14–14.47)

< 0.001

3.98 (3.11–5.10)

< 0.001

Wealth quintile

 Lowest

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 Second

2.84 (1.96–4.12)

< 0.001

2.89 (1.76–4.75)

< 0.001

2.52 (1.54–4.13)

< 0.001

 Middle

5.89 (4.17–8.34)

< 0.001

6.03 (4.07–8.95)

< 0.001

4.44 (2.90–6.82)

< 0.001

 Fourth

11.95 (8.54–16.72)

< 0.001

12.86 (8.97–18.43)

< 0.001

7.58 (5.05–11.39)

< 0.001

 Highest

30.62 (22.00–42.62)

< 0.001

30.86 (21.84–43.60)

< 0.001

13.47 (9.06–20.04)

< 0.001

Residence type

 Urban

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 Rural

0.35 (0.32–0.38)

< 0.001

0.42 (0.35–0.50)

< 0.001

1.03 (0.90–1.17)

0.676

Marital status

 Never married

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 Currently married

3.05 (2.80–3.32)

< 0.001

2.67 (2.20–3.24)

< 0.001

1.68 (1.46–1.93)

< 0.001

 Living with partner

0.93 (0.81–1.06)

0.287

1.06 (0.89–1.27)

0.522

1.06 (0.94–1.19)

0.354

 Formerly/ever married

1.28 (1.08–1.51)

0.004

1.40 (1.24–1.58)

< 0.001

1.13 (1.04–1.24)

0.005

Occupation

 Professional

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 Agricultural

0.54 (0.44–0.66)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.69–0.91)

0.001

0.89 (0.76–1.05)

0.168

 Manual

0.71 (0.63–0.80)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.70–0.90)

< 0.001

0.86 (0.78–0.95)

0.003

 Unemployed

0.24 (0.22–0.26)

< 0.001

0.32 (0.23–0.44)

< 0.001

0.44 (0.35–0.55)

< 0.001

  1. RR: Risk ratio obtained from Poisson regression analyses | 95% CI: 95% Confidence Intervals
  2. Model 1: univariable association between exposure and having health insurance
  3. Model 2: same as model one with region, enumeration area (EA) and household included as random effects (mixed effects Poisson regression)
  4. Model 3: additionally adjusted for all covariates included in the table (multivariable mixed effects Poisson regression)