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Table 3 Regression results of household CHE incidence by mutually exclusive household groups and income quintiles

From: Assessing the relationship between out-of-pocket spending on blood pressure and diabetes medication and household catastrophic health expenditure: evidence from Pakistan

 

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

All Households

 HHs that spend on BP medication only

0.050***

(0.018, 0.082)

0.035***

(0.012, 0.058)

0.048***

(0.024, 0.072)

0.044***

(0.024, 0.065)

0.039***

(0.018, 0.059)

 HHs that spend on Diabetes medication only

0.053*

(−0.009, 0.116)

0.049**

(0.009, 0.090)

0.077***

(0.040, 0.113)

0.066***

(0.031, 0.101)

0.050***

(0.024, 0.075)

 HHs that spend on BP & Diabetes medication

0.122***

(0.035, 0.209)

0.111***

(0.038, 0.184)

0.157***

(0.107, 0.207)

0.112***

(0.070, 0.155)

0.098***

(0.071, 0.126)

 Observations

3490

4496

4812

5519

5921

 R-squared

0.047

0.029

0.046

0.037

0.037

 Province Fixed Effect

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Urban Households

 HHs that spend on BP medication only

0.035**

(0.007, 0.062)

0.037***

(0.011, 0.064)

0.028***

(0.009, 0.046)

0.028**

(0.001, 0.054)

0.038***

(0.017, 0.060)

 HHs that spend on Diabetes medication only

0.044

(−0.013, 0.101)

0.053***

(0.015, 0.091)

0.048**

(0.003, 0.092)

0.052***

(0.018, 0.085)

0.037**

(0.004, 0.070)

 HHs that spend on BP & Diabetes medication

0.114**

(0.012, 0.215)

0.116***

(0.050, 0.181)

0.127***

(0.073, 0.182)

0.059***

(0.018, 0.099)

0.115***

(0.079, 0.150)

 Observations

3339

3301

3207

3248

3060

 R-squared

0.046

0.034

0.041

0.026

0.049

 Province Fixed Effect

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Rural Households

 HHs that spend on BP medication only

0.046*

(−0.001, 0.094)

0.034*

(−0.006, 0.074)

0.058**

(0.012, 0.104)

0.076***

(0.021, 0.130)

0.076***

(0.026, 0.125)

 HHs that spend on Diabetes medication only

0.028

(−0.052, 0.109)

0.104**

(0.017, 0.191)

0.094*

(−0.005, 0.194)

0.116***

(0.030, 0.201)

0.127***

(0.050, 0.205)

 HHs that spend on BP & Diabetes medication

0.098

(−0.034, 0.230)

0.187***

(0.057, 0.316)

0.105**

(0.002, 0.209)

0.228***

(0.111, 0.345)

0.131***

(0.051, 0.212)

 Observations

1640

1771

1667

1535

1470

 R-squared

0.042

0.037

0.046

0.063

0.049

 Province Fixed Effect

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

  1. Note: Households not consuming blood pressure or diabetes medication is the reference group. The coefficient of the ‘HHs that spend on BPD Medication’ denotes the adjusted difference in the incidence of CHE for respective sample groups (i.e. income quintiles). Other control variables (not reported here) include presence of children aged under 5, presence of elderly (age 65+), household size dummies, and household head’s education dummies. See Supplementary Appendix (Additional file 1) for coefficient estimates of the control variables. 95% confidence interval in parentheses. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1