Table 2 Descriptions of Each Clinic

Clinic A

• Founded in 1994.

• Located in a rural region serving farming and First Nations communities.

• Provides primary care at multiple sites to populations across the lifespan, from seniors to families with young children, through direct primary care and a wide range of responsive health promotion programs.

Clinic B

• Founded in 2011.

• Located in a city which is a regional hub for many rural communities.

• Serves people who face barriers to health and social care and those ‘in transition,’ with a primary focus on women and families living in marginalizing conditions, including recent immigrants, many of whom have experienced violence and trauma.

• Primary health care services include identification, ongoing assessment and management of acute and chronic health problems, counseling, education and health promotion, and support in navigating complex systems.

Clinic C

• Founded 1970.

• Located in an inner city metropolis and serves low income populations, including many experiencing inadequate housing or homelessness, major mental health and substance use issues, and significant barriers to accessing basic health services.

• Provides a wide range of primary health care services, including a pharmacy, dental clinic, and physical and mental health services; operates on the basis of a 'Housing First' service philosophy.

Clinic D

• Founded in 1991.

• Located in a northern regional city where high proportions of Indigenous peoples reside.

• Serves  Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples experiencing major socioeconomic challenges including people living on very low incomes, in unstable or temporary housing, and those who are unable to work due to disability. 75% of the patient population self-identifies as Indigenous.

• Provides a wide range of primary health care services including medical and nursing care, counselling, social work, physiotherapy, and outreach services.