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Table 2 Logistic regression models of the association between outpatient services utilisation and SES or health need

From: Is healthcare really equal for all? Assessing the horizontal and vertical equity in healthcare utilisation among older Ghanaians

Variable

Crude model

Adjusted models

OR [CI]

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

OR [95% CI]

Age in years

 50–59

1

1

1

1

 60–69

1.26* [1.05,1.50]

1.18 [0.98,1.41]

1.25* [1.04,1.51]

1.26* [1.05,1.52]

 70–79

1.48*** [1.21,1.82]

1.22 [0.97,1.52]

1.41** [1.11,1.78]

1.40** [1.10,1.77]

 80+

1.71*** [1.27,2.30]

1.38 [0.98,1.94]

1.73** [1.23,2.42]

1.69** [1.20,2.37]

Sex

 Male

1

1

1

1

 Female

1.35*** [1.16,1.57]

1.38*** [1.18,1.62]

1.49*** [1.26,1.76]

1.53*** [1.29,1.80]

Residence

 Rural

1

1

1

1

 Urban

1.43** [1.14,1.79]

1.08 [0.84,1.39]

1.21 [0.95,1.54]

1.05 [0.81,1.35]

Health insurance

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

2.22*** [1.85,2.68]

1.90*** [1.57,2.31]

1.99*** [1.64,2.40]

1.87*** [1.54,2.26]

Education level

 None

1

–

1

1

 Primary

1.28* [1.03,1.59]

–

1.55*** [1.22,1.97]

1.42** [1.11,1.81]

 Secondary

1.50***[1.19,1.90]

–

1.92*** [1.46,2.53]

1.68*** [1.27,2.23]

 Tertiary

1.95**[1.29,2.97]

–

1.92** [1.24,2.98]

1.60* [1.00,2.55]

Wealth quintile

 1 (Lowest)

1

1

–

1

 2

1.47** [1.13,1.90]

1.46** [1.12,1.91]

–

1.41* [1.07,1.85]

 3

2.02*** [1.59,2.57]

1.99*** [1.56,2.53]

–

1.84*** [1.44,2.35]

 4

2.12*** [1.63,2.75]

2.01*** [1.54,2.62]

–

1.80*** [1.37,2.37]

 5 (Highest)

2.64*** [1.98,3.51]

2.48*** [1.83,3.36]

–

2.09*** [1.52,2.88]

Health status

 Very good

1

1

1

1

 Good

0.42*** [0.27,0.67]

0.39*** [0.24,0.61]

0.39*** [0.25,0.62]

0.39*** [0.24,0.61]

 Moderate

0.67 [0.42,1.06]

0.58* [0.36,0.93]

0.57* [0.35,0.92]

0.58* [0.36,0.94]

 Bad

0.95 [0.58,1.57]

0.83 [0.50,1.39]

0.80 [0.48,1.34]

0.84 [0.50,1.40]

 Very bad

1.80 [0.81,3.97]

1.63 [0.70,3.81]

1.56 [0.65,3.74]

1.63 [0.69,3.86]

Morbidity

 None

1

1

1

1

 Single

1.45*** [1.20,1.75]

1.21* [1.00,1.46]

1.26* [1.04,1.51]

1.20 [1.00,1.45]

 Comorbidity

1.72*** [1.30,2.26]

1.21 [0.91,1.62]

1.24 [0.91,1.61]

1.16 [0.87,1.55]

 F-statistic

–

1.02

0.44

1.52

 dGoodness-of-fit (Prob > F)

–

0.4264

0.9125

0.1436

  1. OR – Odds Ratio with reference group as 1; CI – 95% Confidence Interval; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, p is p-value
  2. aModel 1 - wealth quintile is the main SES variable, adjusted for sociodemographic factors, insurance and health needs (health status and morbidity)
  3. bModel 2 - education is the main SES variable, adjusted for sociodemographic factors, insurance and health needs (health status and morbidity)
  4. cModel 3 - the full model, controlling for all variables. (SES, sociodemographic factors, insurance and health needs)
  5. dGoodness-of-fit – Hosmer-Lemeshow test with greater values indicating better models
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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