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Table 5 Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure using two threshold levels

From: Catastrophic healthcare expenditure and impoverishment in tropical deltas: evidence from the Mekong Delta region

Variable

Description

Model 1 (Dependent = CHE using 10% of total household expenditure as threshold level)

Model 2 (Dependent = CHE using 10% of total household expenditure as threshold level)

Model 3 (Dependent = CHE using 40% of household non-food expenditure as threshold level)

Model 4 (Dependent = CHE using 40% of household non-food expenditure as threshold level)

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Mekong region

Yes (Ref = No)

1.766***

(1.544,2.021)

1.154

(0.989,1.346)

1.192**

(1.064,1.336)

0.815***

(0.714,0.931)

Sex of household head

Male (Ref = Female)

  

0.96

(0.826,1.118)

  

0.94

(0.829,1.063)

Age of household head

60+ (Ref = Under 60 years)

  

1.014***

(1.007,1.021)

  

1.015***

(1.009,1.020)

Ethnicity

Kinh (Ref = Other)

  

0.426***

(0.336,0.542)

  

0.517***

(0.436,0.613)

Education of household head

Secondary (Ref = Upto primary)

  

1.01

(0.870,1.172)

  

1.190**

(1.057,1.341)

University and other (Ref = Upto primary)

  

0.97

(0.707,1.334)

  

0.85

(0.659,1.098)

Household size

3–4 persons(Ref = 1–2 persons)

  

0.660***

(0.539,0.808)

  

0.522***

(0.442,0.617)

5 persons or more(Ref = 1–2 persons)

  

0.619***

(0.485,0.790)

  

0.497***

(0.408,0.607)

Having elderly people in the household

Yes (Ref = No)

  

1.09

(0.906,1.309)

  

1.235**

(1.067,1.429)

Having child in the household

Yes (Ref = No)

  

0.94

(0.786,1.115)

  

0.920

(0.797,1.052)

Observed economic/environmental shock during past 5 years

Yes (Ref = No)

  

2.323***

(1.997,2.702)

  

1.900***

(1.663,2.171)

Household with at least one health insurance enrolee

Yes (Ref = No)

  

1.02

(0.826,1.252)

  

1.180

(0.995,1.400)

Hospitalized member

Yes (Ref = No)

  

1.238***

(1.062,1.442)

  

1.545***

(1.363,1.750)

At least one member utilized private facility in last 30 days

Yes(Ref = No)

  

11.60***

(8.944,15.04)

  

6.825***

(5.873,7.931)

Location

Rural (Ref = Urban)

  

0.95

(0.831,1.090)

  

1.102

(0.985,1.234)

Expenditure quintiles

2nd (Ref = Poorest)

  

1.242*

(1.007,1.532)

  

1.199*

(1.006,1.429)

3rd (Ref = Poorest)

  

1.12

(0.894,1.398)

  

1.251*

(1.043,1.501)

4th (Ref = Poorest)

  

1.340*

(1.066,1.686)

  

1.549***

(1.284,1.868)

Richest (Ref = Poorest)

  

1.374*

(1.072,1.760)

  

1.841***

(1.507,2.247)

Constant

 

0.132***

(0.123,0.142)

0.008***

(0.004,0.014)

0.317***

(0.300,0.334)

0.0187***

(0.012,0.030)

N

 

9399

 

9399

 

9399

 

9399

 

LR chi2(19)

 

− 3628

 

− 3080

 

− 5252

 

− 4419

 

Prob > chi

 

0.000

 

0.000

 

0.003

 

0.000

 

Pseudo R

 

0.009

 

0.158

 

0.001

 

0.159

 
  1. Note: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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