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Table 1 Characteristics of the sample

From: Catastrophic healthcare expenditure and impoverishment in tropical deltas: evidence from the Mekong Delta region

Characteristics

Mekong Delta region (N = 1905)

Rest of Vietnam (N = 7494)

P-value

%

(95% CI)

%

(95% CI)

 

Sex of the household head

 Male

71.9

(69.9–73.9)

76.0

(75.1–77.0)

0.0001)

 Female

28.1

(26.1–30.1)

24.0

(23.0–24.9)

 

Age of household head

 Under 60 years

74.0

(72.0–76.0)

77.6

(76.6–78.5)

0.0011)

 60+

26.0

(24.0–28.0)

22.4

(21.5–23.4)

 

Ethnicity of household head

 Kinh

91.9

(90.6–93.1)

79.8

(78.9–80.7)

0.0001)

 Other

8.1

(6.9–9.4)

20.2

(19.3–21.1)

 

Education of the household head

 Up to primary

75.2

(73.2–77.1)

45.1

(44.0–46.2)

0.0002)

 Secondary

21.5

(19.7–23.4)

48.1

(46.9–49.2)

 

 University and others

3.3

(2.5–4.1)

6.8

(6.3–7.4)

 

Household size

 1–2 persons

16.6

(15.0–18.3)

19.8

(18.9–20.7)

0.0052)

 3–4 persons

51.4

(49.1–53.6)

50.2

(49.1–51.3)

 

 5 persons or more

32.0

(29.9–34.1)

30.0

(28.9–31.0)

 

Having elderly people in the household

 No

65.9

(63.8–68.1)

69.7

(68.6–70.7)

0.0021)

 Yes

34.1

(31.9–36.2)

30.3

(29.3–31.4)

 

Having child in the household

 No

35.6

(33.5–37.8)

41.8

(40.7–42.9)

0.0001)

 Yes

64.4

(62.2–66.5)

58.2

(57.1–59.3)

 

Observed economic/environmental shock during past 5 years

 No

73.0

(71.0–75.0)

85.6

(84.8–86.4)

0.0001)

 Yes

27.0

(25.0–29.0)

14.4

(13.6–15.2)

 

Location

 Urban

23.9

(22.0–25.9)

30.0

(28.9–31.0)

0.0001)

 Rural

76.1

(74.1–78.0)

70.0

(69.0–71.1)

 

Household with at least one health insurance enrolee

 No

17.4

(15.7–19.1)

10.8

(10.1–11.6)

0.0001)

 Yes

82.6

(80.9–84.3)

89.2

(88.4–89.9)

 

Hospitalized member

 No

19.6

(17.8–21.4)

42.3

(41.2–43.4)

0.0001)

 Yes

80.4

(78.6–82.2)

57.7

(56.6–58.8)

 

Utilized healthcare from private facility

 No

51.1

(48.8–53.3)

72.5

(71.5–73.5)

0.0001)

 Yes

48.9

(46.7–51.2)

27.5

(26.5–28.5)

 

Expenditure quintile

 Poorest

28.8

(26.7–30.8)

17.8

(16.9–18.6)

0.0002)

 2nd

25.6

(23.6–27.5)

18.6

(17.7–19.5)

 

 3rd

18.2

(16.5–19.9)

20.5

(19.5–21.4)

 

 4th

16.2

(14.5–17.8)

21.0

(20.1–21.9)

 

 Richest

11.3

(9.9–12.7)

22.2

(21.3–23.1)

 
  1. 1)Independent sample t-test of proportions 2) Chi-square test