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Table 4 Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure from 2008 to 2015 using a logistic random effects regression model

From: Prevalence and intensity of catastrophic health care expenditures in Iran from 2008 to 2015: a study on Iranian household income and expenditure survey

Variable

Year/ adjusted OR (95% CI)

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Expenditure quintiles

Q1(poorest)

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5(richest)

Referent

0.57 (0.48–0.67)a

0.46 (0.38–0.57)a

0.41 (0.31–0.56)a

0.31 (0.18–0.51)a

Referent

0.71 (0.59–0.85a

0.52 (0.39–0.68)a

0.40 (0.30–0.54)a

0.32 (0.19–0.54)a

Referent

0.54 (0.46–0.62)a

0.42 (0.35–0.51)a

0.36 (0.28–0.46)a

0.40 (0.28–0.58)a

Referent

0.71 (0.56–0.90)a

0.45 (0.33 0.61)a

0.32 (0.23–0.46)a

0.32 (0.22–0.48)a

Referent

0.77 (0.61–0.96)a

0.47 (0.36–0.63)a

0.38 (0.29–0.50)a

0.32 (0.22–0.47)a

Referent

0.73 (0.60–0.89)a

0.50 (0.38–0.65)a

0.43 (0.33–0.57)a

0.36 (0.26–0.49)a

Referent

0.73 (0.59–0.90)a

0.52 (0.40–0.67)a

0.31 (0.25–0.39)a

0.23 (0.17–0.32)a

Referent

0.72 (0.58–0.87)a

0.52 (0.39–0.64)a

0.47 (0.36–0.57)a

0.49 (0.33–0.63)a

Household settlement

Urban

Rural

Referent

1.36 (1.11–1.65)a

Referent

1.19 (1.03–1.37)a

Referent

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

Referent

5.63 (3.94–8.05)a

Referent

1.34 (1.13–1.59)a

Referent

1.36 (1.19–1.55)a

Referent

1.32 (1.16–1.50)a

Referent

1.35 (1.15–1.51)a

Household head gender

Male

Female

Referent

1.02 (0.79–1.21)

Referent

1.36 (1.14–1.62)a

Referent

1.17 (1.01–1.35)a

Referent

1.02 (0.83–1.26)

Referent

1.12 (0.94–1.33)

Referent

1.07 (0.93–1.23)

Referent

1.03 (0.84–1.27)

Referent

1.01 (0.79–1.20)

Hospitalized person in Household

No

Yes

Referent

1.72 (1.62–1.83)a

Referent

3.15 (2.65–3.75)a

Referent

2.80 (2.28–3.46)a

Referent

1.71 (1.54–1.90)a

Referent

1.48 (1.29–1.69)a

Referent

0.96 (0.73–1.26)

Referent

1.33 (1.24–1.43)a

Referent

1.75 (1.41–2.03)a

Household using outpatient care

No

Yes

Referent

1.69 (1.47–1.85)a

Referent

3.53 (2.71–4.59)a

Referent

5.66 (4.62–6.94)a

Referent

7.27 (4.52–11.68)a

Referent

10.05 (7.08–14.29)a

Referent

5.76 (4.50–7.38)a

Referent

3.04 (2.32–3.98)a

Referent

5.25 (4.15–6.91)a

+ 60 member living in Household

No

Yes

Referent

1.88 (1.56–2.26)a

Referent

1.68 (1.40–2.02)a

Referent

1.63 (1.35–1.97)a

Referent

2.18 (1.76–2.71)a

Referent

1.83 (1.46–2.29)a

Referent

1.91 (1.59–2.28)a

Referent

1.01 (0.89–1.15)

Referent

2.09 (1.72–2.39)a

Statistics

Wald-chi2: 709.8

Pseudo R2 = 0.16

Wald-chi2: 550.9

Pseudo R2 = 0.17

Wald-chi2: 537.6

Pseudo R2 = 0.17

Wald-chi2: 485.8

Pseudo R2 = 0.07

Wald-chi2: 377.4

Pseudo R2 = 0.12

Wald-chi2: 483.9

Pseudo R2 = 0.09

Wald-chi2: 743.4

Pseudo R2 = 0.11

Wald-chi2: 657.6

Pseudo R2 = 0.13

  1. aThe odds ratios that became significant after adjustment for cluster (Province) effect