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Table 3 Determinants of CHE in Nepal, 2011

From: Cumulative incidence, distribution, and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure in Nepal: results from the living standards survey

Household Characteristics

Model 1

Model 2

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Equivalent household size

0.87(0.71–1.07)

0.88(0.72–1.08)

Household has under 5-years children [yes = 1; otherwise,0]

1.11(0.87–1.41)

0.87(0.54–1.41)

Household has elderly (60 years and above) population [yes = 1; otherwise,0]

1.37(1.13–1.66)**

1.34(0.96–1.87)*

Household head is male [yes = 1; otherwise,0]

1.00(0.79–1.27)

1.00(0.79–1.27)

Settlement area is Urban [yes = 1; otherwise,0]

0.79(0.58–1.06)

0.79(0.58–1.06)

Literate household head [yes = 1; otherwise,0]

0.73(0.54–1.00)*

0.61(0.34–1.10)*

Commute time the nearest health facility less than 1 h [yes = 1; otherwise,0]

1.05(0.79–1.38)

1.03(0.78–1.36)

Households having member with chronic illness [yes = 1; otherwise,0]

2.40(1.78–3.24)***

2.37(1.72–3.29)***

Households having member with acute illness [yes = 1; otherwise,0]

3.41(2.53–4.58)***

3.07(2.15–4.37)***

Acute illness ratio

2.33(1.48–3.67)***

2.39(1.52–3.76)***

Chronic illness ratio

1.27(0.65–2.48)

1.25(0.64–2.44)

Expenditure quartiles

 1

3.15(2.21–4.49)***

2.91(1.98–4.27)***

 2

3.29(2.42–4.49)***

3.14(2.23–4.45)***

 3

1.05(0.73–1.52)

1.07(0.71–1.59)

 4

1.00

1.00

Geographical belts

 Mountain

1.00

1.00

 Hill

0.92(0.62–1.38)

0.92(0.62–1.38)

 Tarai

1.21(0.81–1.80)

1.21(0.81–1.80)

Administrative regions

 Central

1.00

1.00

 Eastern

1.02(0.76–1.37)

1.03(0.77–1.37)

 Western

0.93(0.68–1.27)

0.93(0.68–1.27)

 Mid-western

0.86(0.63–1.16)

0.86(0.63–1.16)

 Far-western

1.46(1.02–2.11)*

1.47(1.02–2.11)*

Interaction terms

 Household with at least one under 5-years child x Household reporting acute illness and injuries

 

1.32(0.78–2.21)

 Household with at least one 60-years and above elderly x Household reporting chronic illness

 

1.02(0.67–1.57)

Expenditure quartiles x Literate household head

 Poorest (1) x Yes

 

1.89(0.02–4.38)

 Quartile 2 x Yes

 

1.20(0.57–2.54)

 Quartile 3 x Yes

 

0.83(0.34–2.06)

 Wealthiest (4) x Yes

 

1.00

  1. Model 1: without interaction terms. N = 5988, LR χ2 = 599.1, Pseudo R2 = 0.1524, Mean VIF = 2.01. Model 2: with interaction terms. N = 5988, LR χ2 = 564.6, Pseudo R2 = 0.1539, Mean VIF = 2.38
  2. *p < 0.10
  3. **p < 0.01
  4. ***p < 0.001