Social health insurance, healthcare utilization, and costs in middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in China

Table 5 Logistic regression model on healthcare underutilization in middle-aged and elderly adults

Variables/categories	Odds Ratio	Std. Err.	Odds Ratio	Std. Err.	Odds Ratio	Std. Err.
Health insurance; ref.: Not covered by social health insurance
UEMI	0.593^***	0.102
URMI			0.892^**	0.111
NCMI					0.757^**	0.113
Female, ref.: Male	0.829	0.121	1.021	0.186	1.099	0.069
Age in years; ref.:<=50
> 50 and <=65	0.642^**	0.121	0.664^*	0.142	0.800^**	0.061
> 65	0.489^**	0.102	0.580^**	0.150	0.696^***	0.065
Educational level; ref.: Less than lower secondary education
Single/divorced/widowedUpper secondary & vocational training	1.013	0.183	1.532	0.376	0.892	0.127
Single/divorced/widowedTertiary education	0.878	0.303	0.800	0.928	1.087	0.818
Marital status; ref.:
Single/divorced/widowed
Married/cohabiting	0.722^*	0.140	0.845	0.194	0.715^***	0.058
Health status (self-reported); ref.: Excellent
Very good	1.119^***	0.059	1.207^***	0.095	1.129^***	0.027
Good	1.396^**	0.128	1.276^**	0.120	1.212^***	0.035
Fair	1.597^*	0.089	1.411^**	0.138	1.381^***	0.049
Poor	1.131	0.315	0.636	0.222	0.715	0.097
Income level; ref.: Lowest quintile
Second quintile	0.734^***	0.091	0.838^**	0.104	1.121	0.098
Third quintile	0.722 ^**	0.121	0.841^**	0.114	1.038	0.095
Fourth quintile	0.651^*	0.129	0.690^***	0.045	0.921^*	0.133
Highest quintile	0.532^*	0.130	0.380^**	0.124	0.899^**	0.097
Live in Urban or Rural; ref.: urban	1.607^**	0.107	1.600^*	0.143	1.802^***	0.055

Note: *** implies p-value < 0.001, ** indicates p-value < 0.01, * implies p-value < 0.05
Estimates were weighted using individual sampling weights and adjusted for household and individual responses

ISSN: 1475-9276