Social health insurance, healthcare utilization, and costs in middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in China

Wang, Zhonghua; Li, Xiangjun; Chen, Mingsheng; Si, Lei

doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0733-0

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Healthcare utilization by type of health insurance in middle-aged and elderly adults

From: Social health insurance, healthcare utilization, and costs in middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in China

	Not covered by social health insurance		UEMI		URMI		NCMI		total		Sign
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Sign
Healthcare underutilization
Outpatient	0.4256	0.4855	0.2915	0.4548	0.4070	0.4921	0.2779	0.4480	0.2909	0.4542	**
Inpatient	0.3321	0.4616	0.1445	0.3520	0.3091	0.4635	0.2116	0.4085	0.2099	0.4073	***
Dentist	0.8427	0.3643	0.7660	0.4235	0.8010	0.3994	0.8436	0.3633	0.8311	0.3746	***
Early dismissal from the hospital	0.4490	0.5025	0.2677	0.4434	0.3404	0.4764	0.3152	0.4648	0.3118	0.4633	**
Reason for not seeking outpatient care
Illness is not serious	0.5750	0.4975	0.7696	0.4222	0.7339	0.4437	0.6600	0.4739	0.6746	0.4687
Poor	0.2125	0.4117	0.0366	0.1884	0.1048	0.3076	0.1505	0.3577	0.1365	0.3435
No time	0.0375	0.1912	0.0105	0.1021	0.0242	0.1543	0.0265	0.1606	0.0249	0.1560
Hospital quality poor	0.0375	0.1912	0.0419	0.2009	0.0484	0.2155	0.0579	0.2336	0.0542	0.2266
Other	0.1375	0.3465	0.1414	0.3493	0.0887	0.2855	0.1050	0.3067	0.1097	0.3126
Reason for not seeking inpatient care
Poor	0.6667	0.4787	0.3273	0.4714	0.5606	0.5001	0.6120	0.4876	0.5764	0.4944
Not willing to go to hospital	0.2121	0.4151	0.3364	0.4746	0.2273	0.4223	0.2283	0.4200	0.2405	0.4276
Hospital quality poor	0.0000	0.0000	0.0818	0.2753	0.0606	0.2404	0.0336	0.1804	0.0401	0.1963
Other	0.1212	0.3314	0.2545	0.4376	0.1515	0.3613	0.1261	0.3321	0.1430	0.3503
Reason for early dismissal from the hospital
Can’t recover from illness	0.1053	0.3153	0.1899	0.3947	0.0714	0.2623	0.1561	0.3634	0.1549	0.3622
Poor	0.5789	0.5073	0.3038	0.4628	0.5000	0.5092	0.5294	0.4997	0.4982	0.5004
Hospital quality poor	0.0000	0.0000	0.0759	0.2666	0.0000	0.0000	0.0566	0.2313	0.0546	0.2274
Other	0.3158	0.4776	0.4304	0.4983	0.4286	0.5040	0.2579	0.4380	0.2923	0.4552
Healthcare utilization
The number of outpatient visits	1.75	2.01	2.32	3.39	1.93	2.04	2.11	2.64	2.02	2.42	***
The number of hospitalizations	1.37	0.82	1.59	1.58	1.78	2.22	1.51	1.13	1.53	1.27	*
The number of dental visits	2.57	2.20	2.36	2.53	2.36	1.91	2.68	3.94	2.60	3.55	**
Length of hospital stay	12.49	13.58	13.92	13.86	13.32	23.35	12.05	13.50	12.42	14.19	***

Not covered by social health insurance includes the middle-aged and elderly population who did not enroll in any social health insurance (including UEMI, URMI, or NCMI) but possibly has commercial health insurance. Calculations were weighted using individual sampling weights and adjusted for household and individual responses
Note: *** implies p-value < 0.001, ** indicates p-value < 0.01, * implies p-value < 0.05

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