Who benefits from increased service utilisation? Examining the distributional effects of payment for performance in Tanzania

Table 7 Effect of P4P on service utilisation by subgroups for categorical variables

Subgrouping variables	Institutional deliveries			Uptake of IPT2
	Average subgroup effect		Differential effect test (p-value)	Average subgroup effect		Differential effect test (p-value)
	N	Beta	Differential effect test (p-value)	N	Beta	Differential effect test (p-value)
Education subgroups
No education	1136	5.9	Reference	880	17.0^b	Reference
Some primary	459	4.1	(p = 0.550)	355	9.1	(p = 0.479)
Primary/some secondary	3729	11.3^a	(p = 0.157)	3148	12.1^a	(p = 0.965)
Secondary/above	423	3.8	(p = 0.276)	374	−9.8	(p = 0.144)
Occupation subgroups
Formal sector	113	−17.4	(p = 0.715)	99	−5.1	(p = 0.329)
Farmers	2950	11.6^a	(p = 0.162)	2434	15.9^a	(p = 0.777)
Self-employed	1167	7.7^b	(p = 0.650)	996	1.1	(p = 0.132)
Unemployed	1517	3.9	Reference	1228	16.8^a	Reference
Birth parity subgroups
Parity 1	1886	9.8^a	Reference	1510	9.3^c	Reference
Parity 2	1353	3.4	(p = 0.215)	1123	7.0	(p = 0.583)
Parity 3	1029	10.9^b	(p = 0.766)	868	0.4	(p = 0.317)
Parity 4	664	3.3	(p = 0.342)	570	3.2	(p = 0.567)
Parity 5+	815	13.3^c	(p = 0.700)	686	30.0^a	(p = 0.038)
Age subgroups
Age (15–19) years	965	11.5^a	Reference	726	19.2^b	Reference
Age (20–24) years	1613	9.7^a	(p = 0.366)	1322	4.2	(p = 0.708)
Age (25–29) years	1459	4.2	(p = 0.568)	1232	7.3	(p = 0.820)
Age (30–34) years	978	4.9	(p = 0.510)	846	10.3	(p = 0.666)
Age (35+) years	732	15.5^a	(p = 0.446)	631	20.4^b	(p = 0.218)

^adenotes significance at 1%, ^bat 5%, and ^cat 10% level; Beta is the estimated P4P effect on a specific subgroup in percentage point after controlling for a year dummy, facility-fixed effects, and individual and household-level covariates (age, education, occupation, religion, marital status, parity, health insurance status, household size, and household wealth status); Each cell for Beta and differential effect reports the result from a separate regression; Differential effect test is a t-test of the null that the coefficient on the three-way interaction between the P4P effect and subgrouping indicator is zero

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