Study | Design/ duration | N | Outcome | Findings | Direction of effect / interpretation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education, information or support | |||||
Rusness 1993 | UBA/ 1 month | 7 | Number with Anaemia (%) | 3 (43%) | Unclear if this is due to nutrition education classes: no pre-test values; 1 month study |
Number with Hypalbuminaemia (%) | 1 (14%) | ||||
Eating right skill score- food frequency data (Mean change) | “One third higher than pre test scores” | Educating shelter living women in healthy eating improved nutritional intake | |||
Numbers of women maintaining family targeted diet behaviour (%) | 6 (86%) | ||||
Derrickson 2003 (RCT) | RCT/ 1 month | 210 | Mean (SD) intake of fruit servings per day in compared groups post intervention | Intervention = 6.6 (7.5) Control = 4.5 (4.8) | Nutrition workshop increased average fruit and vegetable intake |
Mean (SD) intake of vegetable servings per day in compared groups post intervention | Intervention = 8.3 (7.8) Control = 6.3 (6.2) | ||||
Johnson 2009 | UBA/ 10 months | 50 | Proportion who ate more fruit and vegetables compared to baseline | 19% | Nutrition education classes made more people eat fruit and vegetable and yogurt, and =avoid carbohydrate |
Proportion who ate more yogurt compared to baseline | 3% | ||||
Proportion who tried to limit carb intake compared to baseline | 22% | ||||
Mean (SD) of fruit servings eaten daily | Pre-test = 0.83 (0.71) Post-test = 0.7 (0.65) | Nutrition education classes decreased mean fruit intake and increased carbohydrate intake | |||
Mean (SD) servings of bread, cereal, pasta, and rice (eaten) daily | Pre-test = 1.44 (1.16) Post-test = 1.83 (1.29) | ||||
Bonevski 2012 | UBA/ 1.5 months | 6 | Proportion who tried to eat more fruit N (%) | 4(66%) | Intervention increased attempts to eat fruit and vegetable |
Proportion who tried to eat more vegetable N (%) | 6 (100%) | ||||
Rustad 2013 | UBA/ 1.5 months | 118 | Mean (SD) of fruit serving intake | Pre-test = 1.3 (1.3) Post-test = 1.6 (1.4) | Nutrition and health education sessions increased fruit and vegetable intake |
Mean (SD) of vegetable serving intake | Pre-test = 1.5 (1.3) Post-test = 1.9 (1.5) | ||||
Barbour 2016 | UBA/ 6 months | 5 | Mean (range) fruit servings eaten/ day (compared to reference Daily recommended values) | Pre-test = 0.8 (0, 2.2) Post-test = 0.4 (0.0, 1.0) | Food literacy programme decreased mean fruit intake and mean diet quality score. |
Mean (range) vegetable servings eaten/ day (compared to reference Daily recommended values) | Pre-test = 2.7 (0.0, 11.9) Post-test = 3.6 (0.0, 12.0) | ||||
Intervention increased mean vegetable, iron, vitamin C, folate, calcium, and total energy intake | |||||
Mean (range) intake of Folate (B9) mg/day | Pre-test = 256 (211, 272) Post-test = 309 (108, 551) | ||||
Mean (range) intake of Calcium mg/day | Pre-test = 655 (365, 998) Post-test = 771 (423, 1367) | ||||
Mean (range) intake of Iron mg/day | Pre-test = 9.9 (6.6, 14.4) Post-test = 10.4 (5.3, 15.9) | ||||
Mean (range) vitamin C intake mg/24 h | Pre-test = 67 (10, 159) Post-test = 72 (0, 143) | ||||
Mean (range) diet quality score (max 100) | Pre-test = 45 (38, 61) Post-test = 41 (27, 60) | ||||
Mean (range) daily energy intake kJ | Pre-test = 7981 (2574, 11,384) Post-test = 10,244 (6321, 15,152) | ||||
Supplement provision | |||||
Darnton-Hill 1986 | Comparative survey/ 24 months | 106 | % deficient in vitamin B1 | NV gp = 45 V gp = 25 | Oral vitamin supplements reduced the number of people with vitamin deficiency |
% deficient in vitamin B6 | NV gp = 63 V gp = 21 | ||||
% deficient in vitamin C | NV gp = 29 V gp = 10 | ||||
% deficient in vitamin B12 | NV gp = 0 V gp = 0 | ||||
% deficient in folate (B9) | NV gp = 80 V gp = 49 | ||||
% deficient in iron | NV gp = 12 V gp = 15 | ||||
% deficient in zinc | NV gp = 25 Vgp = 25 | ||||
Mean (SD) levels of TPP% | NV gp = 15.3 (10.5) V gp = 10.5 (9.9) | Oral vitamin supplements don’t always improve group mean levels of vitamins | |||
Mean (SD) levels of vitamin B6 P5P% | NV gp = 57 (26.6) V gp = 36.2(31.4) | ||||
Mean (SD) levels of vitamin C μmol/L | NV gp = 34.9 (16.2) V gp = 72.6 (35.2) | ||||
Mean (SD) levels of serum Folate ng/ml | NV gp = 3.6 (4.0) V gp = 5.2 (4.0) | ||||
Mean (SD) levels of vitamin B 12 pmol/L | NV gp = 341 (203) V gp = 433 (223) | ||||
Drijver 1993 | UBA/ NR | 9 | Mean Tk activity increase (units) | Single injection: Before = 9.6; day 14 = 11.8 | Multivitamin injection keeps vitamin levels up for 14 days. |
Weekly injection: Before = 10.2; day7 = 12; day21 = 11.2; day35 = 12 | |||||
Mean TDP effect (%) | Single injection: Before = 18; day 14 = 9 | ||||
Weekly injection: Before = 17; day7 = 3; day21 = 5; day 35 = 5 | |||||
Food provision | |||||
Murakami 2013 | UBA/ NR | 315 | % of Clients eating below recommended energy intake | 79.0 | The hot meals do not fulfil energy needs for most participants, and even though provide a high fibre diet, still contribute to higher than recommended fat and saturate intake in many participants. |
Mean (SD) 24 h Energy intake kcal | 948.55 (108.75) | ||||
Proportion with above average fibre intake | 62.9% | ||||
Proportion with saturated fat above the recommended levels | 22% | ||||
Proportion with cholesterol intake above the recommended levels | 41% | ||||
Allen 2014 | UBA/ 12 months | 78 | Proportion eating more frequently and gaining weight | Numbers not reported: “many clients eat more frequently, and experience positive weight gain” | A subsidy to have one meal per day n may increase food intake |
Multicomponent interventions | |||||
Kendzor 2016 | RCT/ 1 month | 32 | Mean (cups) vegetable and fruit intake | Intervention = 3.56; controls =2; MD = 1.5 cups more in intervention at 4 week follow up | Newsletters, fruit/vegetables & pedometers with walking goals are able to increase fruit and vegetable intake |
Wiecha 1993 | Comparative survey/ 9 months | 77 | Mothers’ Mean (mg) Vitamin B6 intake per 1000 kcal | Kitchen facilities with or without food support (shelter group) = 0.68; no facilities or food(hotels group) = 0.55 | Provision of full kitchen facilities with or without added food support can increase intake of important micronutrients but not total protein or energy intake for families |
Mothers’ Mean (mg) Vitamin C intake per 1000 kcal | Kitchen facilities with or without food support (shelter group) = 61; no facilities or food(hotels) group =41 | ||||
Mothers’ Mean (g) protein intake per 1000 kcal | Kitchen facilities with or without food support (shelter group) = 35; no facilities or food(hotels) group =33 | ||||
Mothers’ Mean Energy (kcal) intake per 1000 kcal | Kitchen facilities with or without food support (shelter group) = 1980; no facilities or food(hotels) group =2016 | ||||
Kadoura 2014 | UBA/ 1 month | 25 | Mean change in frequency of fruit and vegetable intake (Cohen’s D) | 0.56 | Family physical activity, education/training, and a ‘healthy dinner ‘increased both amount and frequency of fruit and vegetable intake |
Mean change in amount of fruit and vegetable intake (Cohen’s D) | 0.87 | ||||
Grazioli 2015 | UBA/ 3 months | 6 | AST levels median (IQR) units | Baseline = 64.5 (34.5, 95.5), follow up = 60 (29.25, 90.5), Wilcoxon signed rank test = −0.77 | Detoxification with naltrexone and harm-reduction counselling with a focus on better diet habits led to no change in liver function tests post intervention |
ALT levels median (IQR) units | Baseline = 40.5 (30.25, 51.5), follow up = 32 (21.5, 56.75), Wilcoxon signed rank test = − 0.7 |