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Table 4 Multilevel mix-effect ordered logistic regression estimates, by income group

From: Urbanization, economic development and health: evidence from China’s labor-force dynamic survey

 

Low-income group

Middle-income group

High-income group

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

Model 7

Model 8

Model 9

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Independent variables

 Urbanization rate

1.001

[0.987, 1.015]

1.004

[0.953, 1.058]

0.991

[0.978, 1.005]

1.039

[0.984, 1.096]

0.991

[0.977, 1.004]

1.061**

[1.004, 1.121]

 Square of urbanization rate

  

1.000

[0.999, 1.000]

  

1.000*

[0.999, 1.000]

  

0.999***

[0.999, 1.000]

 GDP per capita in 2014

1.013

[0.929, 1.104]

1.238*

[0.983, 1.559]

1.081*

[0.996, 1.174]

1.298**

[1.031, 1.635]

1.048

[0.967, 1.137]

1.275**

[1.017, 1.598]

 Square of GDP per capita in 2014

  

0.986*

[0.969, 1.002]

  

0.988

[0.973, 1.004]

  

0.988*

[0.973, 1.002]

Control variables

 The change of urbanization rate from 2010 to 2014

0.999

[0.945, 1.056]

1.003

[0.945, 1.064]

1.026

[0.967, 1.088]

1.017

[0.957, 1.081]

0.979

[0.921, 1.040]

0.966

[0.909, 1.027]

 The logarithm of population size of the prefecture-level city

1.136

[0.918, 1.404]

1.164

[0.943, 1.436]

1.171

[0.947, 1.448]

1.189*

[0.971, 1.457]

1.127

[0.908, 1.401]

1.127

[0.923, 1.375]

 Age

0.960***

[0.951, 0.970]

0.960***

[0.951, 0.970]

0.961***

[0.954, 0.969]

0.961***

[0.954, 0.968]

0.969***

[0.962, 0.976]

0.969***

[0.962, 0.976]

 Male (ref: female)

1.174*

[0.987, 1.397]

1.176*

[0.988, 1.398]

1.261***

[1.100, 1.445]

1.266***

[1.105, 1.452]

1.086

[0.957, 1.233]

1.086

[0.956, 1.232]

 Married (ref: single- divorced- or widowed)

1.018

[0.832, 1.246]

1.019

[0.833, 1.247]

0.910

[0.764, 1.085]

0.910

[0.764, 1.085]

0.852*

[0.722, 1.005]

0.852*

[0.722, 1.005]

 Education (ref: primary school or below)

  Junior high school

1.260***

[1.075, 1.478]

1.258***

[1.073, 1.476]

1.226***

[1.078, 1.396]

1.221***

[1.073, 1.390]

1.306***

[1.109, 1.539]

1.301***

[1.104, 1.532]

  Senior high school

1.156

[0.893, 1.496]

1.148

[0.886, 1.486]

1.355***

[1.141, 1.609]

1.344***

[1.132, 1.596]

1.351***

[1.121, 1.629]

1.339***

[1.111, 1.614]

  College and above

1.596*

[0.984, 2.589]

1.555*

[0.958, 2.524]

1.741***

[1.357, 2.233]

1.715***

[1.338, 2.200]

1.396***

[1.141, 1.707]

1.377***

[1.127, 1.684]

 Employed (ref: unemployed)

1.137

[0.885, 1.462]

1.135

[0.883, 1.458]

1.234**

[1.012, 1.505]

1.239**

[1.016, 1.511]

1.245*

[0.960, 1.615]

1.253*

[0.966, 1.625]

 Logarithm of annual personal income

1.107**

[1.015, 1.208]

1.102**

[1.010, 1.202]

1.212**

[1.026, 1.431]

1.203**

[1.019, 1.420]

1.085*

[0.985, 1.196]

1.087*

[0.986, 1.198]

 Local hukou (ref: non-local hukou)

1.021

[0.755, 1.382]

0.988

[0.729, 1.341]

1.068

[0.903, 1.263]

1.059

[0.895, 1.252]

1.019

[0.892, 1.165]

1.006

[0.881, 1.150]

 Length of residence in the city

1.006*

[0.999, 1.014]

1.006

[0.999, 1.014]

1.002

[0.996, 1.007]

1.001

[0.996, 1.007]

1.002

[0.997, 1.007]

1.002

[0.997, 1.007]

 Urban neighborhood (ref: rural neighborhood)

1.285

[0.948, 1.741]

1.322*

[0.976, 1.792]

1.022

[0.827, 1.262]

1.027

[0.834, 1.266]

0.938

[0.755, 1.166]

0.932

[0.7531.154]

 Smoking (ref: smoker)

  Former smoker

0.883

[0.612, 1.273]

0.886

[0.614, 1.279]

0.843

[0.621, 1.144]

0.841

[0.619, 1.141]

0.621***

[0.476, 0.811]

0.619***

[0.475, 0.808]

  Nonsmoker

1.063

[0.878, 1.288]

1.062

[0.877, 1.286]

0.969

[0.837, 1.123]

0.970

[0.838, 1.124]

0.912

[0.802, 1.037]

0.910

[0.800, 1.035]

 Frequent physical exercises (ref: infrequent physical exercises)

1.052

[0.856, 1.294]

1.055

[0.858, 1.297]

1.122

[0.960, 1.311]

1.124

[0.962, 1.314]

1.213***

[1.070, 1.375]

1.216***

[1.073, 1.378]

  Number of individuals

3542

3542

5428

5428

5821

5821

  Number of neighborhoods

335

335

394

394

394

394

  Number of cities

124

124

124

124

124

124

  Log likelihood

−4715.645

−4712.972

−6584.833

−6578.379

−6542.014

−6532.229

  χ2

251.451***

256.922***

408.766***

421.789***

235.102***

254.813***

  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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