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Table 3 Generalized linear model: Incremental healthcare expenditures by HIV status among US individuals accounting for relevant covariates (adjusted to 2014 dollars)

From: Trends in healthcare expenditure among people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States: evidence from 10 Years of nationally representative data

Variables

Incremental Cost

95% CI

P-value

Primary Independent Variable

   

 HIV (vs. no HIV)

31,147**

23,645 – 38,648

<0.001

Covariates

   

 Female (vs. Male)

1,419**

1,181 – 1,657

<0.001

 Other race (vs. non-Hispanic White)

-866**

-1,115 – -617

<0.001

 Non-married (vs. Married)

-380**

-573 – -187

<0.001

 Age (in years)

63**

55–71

<0.001

 High school or more (vs. <High School)

619**

360 – 879

<0.001

 Uninsured (vs. Insured)

-3,642**

-3,809 – -3,475

<0.001

 Urban (vs. Rural)

308*

58 – 557

0.015

 Other regions (vs. South)

377**

158 – 595

0.001

 Low income or more (vs. Poor income)

-1,221**

-1,601 – -841

<0.001

 Diabetes (vs. no Diabetes)

2,971**

2,640–3,301

<0.001

 Hypertension (vs. no Hypertension)

1,249**

1,052 – 1,446

<0.001

 CVD (vs. no CVD)

3,364**

3,043 – 3,685

<0.001

 Stroke (vs. no Stroke)

2,945**

2,462 – 3,446

<0.001

 Emphysema (vs. no Emphysema)

2,294**

1,732 – 2,855

<0.001

 Joint pain (vs. no Joint Pain)

1,032**

827 – 1,238

<0.001

 Arthritis (vs. no Arthritis)

1,577*

1,350 – 1,805

<0.001

 Asthma (vs. no Asthma)

1,405***

974 – 1,836

<0.001

 Comorbidity (vs. no Comorbidity)

378*

35–721

0.031

 Year 2005/07 (vs. Year 2002/04)

356*

73 – 640

0.014

 Year 2008/11 (vs. Year 2002/04)

367*

87 – 647

0.010

  1. Note: ***p < 0.001; **p ≤ 0.01; *p ≤ 0.05; Primary outcome variable in this model is total health care expenditures and the incremental (marginal) effect represents the primary independent variable (HIV/AIDS) and other covariates