| 2003 | 2011 | Difference± | Full Sample |
---|---|---|---|---|
Health expenditure share of total expenditure > 10% (CHE) | 0.501 | 0.32 | −0.181*** | 0.41 |
Socioeconomic inequality in CHE ¥ | 0.060 | 0.068*** | 0.008 | 0.0343 |
Household Characteristics | ||||
 Below median total expenditure | 0.555 | 0.418 | −0.137*** | 0.486 |
 Total expenditure /capita (US$) | 39.87 | 97.63 | 57.76** | 68.88 |
 Food expenditure/capita (US$) | 15.93 | 45.19 | 29.26*** | 30.63 |
 Non-food expenditure/capita (US$) | 16.74 | 46.02 | 29.28 | 31.45 |
 Health expenditure (US$) | 19.92 | 15.03 | −4.89 | 17.46 |
 Food share of total expenditure | 16.64 | 10.07 | −6.56*** | 13.34 |
 Health share of total expenditure | 48.27 | 63.49 | 15.22*** | 55.91 |
 Household size | 5.576 | 5.378 | −0.198†| 5.477 |
 Log household size | 1.588 | 1.561 | −0.027 | 1.574 |
 Children under 5 years | 0.142 | 0.106 | −0.036*** | 0.124 |
 Adults over 65 years | 0.045 | 0.039 | −0.005 | 0.042 |
 Unemployed adults | 0.305 | 0.377 | 0.072*** | 0.3411 |
 Ill health | 0.399 | 0.191 | −0.208*** | 0.295 |
Household location | ||||
 Rural | 0.607 | 0.67 | 0.063*** | 0.639 |
 Western region | 0.188 | 0.15 | −0.038** | 0.169 |
 Eastern region | 0.239 | 0.284 | 0.045*** | 0.261 |
 Northern region | 0.291 | 0.418 | 0.127*** | 0.355 |
 Southern region | 0.283 | 0.148 | −0.135*** | 0.215 |
Health facility | ||||
 Formal Public | 0.090 | 0.095 | 0.005 | 0.092 |
 Formal NGO & Missionary | 0.012 | 0.004 | −0.008*** | 0.008 |
 Formal Private | 0.064 | 0.022 | −0.042*** | 0.043 |
 Informal Private | 0.010 | 0.016 | 0.006** | 0.013 |
 Public Hospital | 0.006 | 0.011 | 0.005*** | 0.008 |
 Private Hospital | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Head of Household Characteristics | ||||
 Married | 0.768 | 0.794 | 0.026 | 0.781 |
 Age (years) | 46.67 | 44.58 | −2.09*** | 45.62 |
 Male | 0.794 | 0.742 | −0.052*** | 0.768 |
 Muslim | 0.718 | 0.779 | 0.061*** | 0.749 |
 No education | 0.825 | 0.838 | 0.013 | 0.832 |
 Observations | 1886 | 2800 |  | 4686 |