Table 2 GRADE evidence profile for individual-level domains
Domain | Number of studies | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Effect size | Quality | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optimism | 7 | No serious risk | No serious inconsistency | Small-medium | Moderate | Rated up due to control of confounding factors |
Positive attitudes towards school | 5 | No serious risk | No serious inconsistency | Small-medium | Low | Studies from the US (mainland) only |
Self-efficacy | 4 | No serious risk | No serious inconsistency | Small-medium | Moderate | Rated up due to control of confounding factors Studies from the US (mainland) only |
Self-esteem | 9 | No serious risk | No serious inconsistency | Small-large | Moderate | Rated up due to evidence of a dose-gradient effect |
Identification with White culture | 6 | No serious risk | No serious inconsistency | Negligible-Small | Low | Studies from the US (mainland) only |
Scholastic ability | 8 | No serious risk | Serious inconsistency | Inconsistent | Very low | Rated down due to inconsistent findings |
Identification with Indigenous culture | 20 | No serious risk | Serious inconsistency | Inconsistent | Very low | Rated down due to inconsistent findings |
Substance use | 9 | No serious risk | No serious inconsistency | Small-Large | Moderate | Rated up due to control of confounding factors |
Externalising | 7 | Serious risk of bias | No serious inconsistency | Medium | Very low | Rated down due to serious risk of bias |
Internalising | 7 | No serious risk | No serious inconsistency | Medium-Large | Moderate | Rated up due to medium-large effect sizes |
Adverse events | 8 | No serious risk | No serious inconsistency | Medium-large | High | Rated up due to medium-large effect sizes, a dose-gradient effect and satisfactory control of confounding factors |