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Table 2 Odds ratios and PAR proportions for associations between health outcomes and experiences of racial discrimination

From: The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Australian Indigenous children aged 5–10 years: analysis of national longitudinal data

Experiences of racial discrimination

Model 1a

Model 2b

OR

95% CI

aOR

95% CI

PAR (%)

95% CI

Mental health

 Primary carerc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

0.84

0.56–0.26

0.78

0.51–1.19

−6.8

−14.5, 1.0

  Persistent (two waves)

1.68**

1.02–2.74

1.46

0.88–2.45

5.8

0.3, 11.2

 Familyc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

1.00

0.69–1.45

0.95

0.64–1.39

−1.4

−9.0, 6.1

  Persistent (two waves)

1.16

0.76–1.78

1.12

0.71–1.76

2.2

−3.7, 8.0

 Child

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Ever exposed

2.21**

1.48–3.30

2.32**

1.52–3.53

16.2

11.1, 21.2

General health

 Primary carerc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

1.11

0.75–1.64

1.14

0.76–1.70

3.9

−3.8, 11.6

  Persistent (two waves)

0.79

0.45–1.38

0.78

0.44–1.38

−3.0

−7.4, 1.4

 Familyc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

0.99

0.69–1.43

1.05

0.73–1.52

1.4

−5.9, 8.7

  Persistent (two waves)

0.64*

0.40–1.03

0.70

0.43–1.13

−5.9

−10.0, −0.9

 Child

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Ever exposed

1.34

0.89–2.03

1.31

0.86–1.98

4.3

−0.3, 8.9

Sleep difficulties

 Primary carerc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

0.73

0.47–1.12

0.69

0.44–1.08

−9.6

−17.6, −1.6

  Persistent (two waves)

2.16**

1.34–3.48

1.92**

1.17–3.15

10.8

4.6, 17.0

 Familyc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

1.21

0.84–1.75

1.10

0.76–1.59

2.8

−5.0, 10.5

  Persistent (two waves)

1.43*

0.95–2.16

1.17

0.77–1.79

3.1

−3.0, 9.2

 Child

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Ever exposed

2.36**

1.54–3.61

2.72**

1.77–4.18

19.1

13.8, 24.4

Obesity

 Primary carerc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

1.44

0.89–2.31

1.50

0.92–2.44

13.1

2.2, 23.9

  Persistent (two waves)

1.52

0.80–2.87

1.54

0.80–2.97

6.3

−0.2, 12.9

 Familyc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

1.26

0.83–1.92

1.24

0.81–1.90

6.6

−2.4, 15.7

  Persistent (two waves)

1.13

0.68–1.89

1.03

0.61–1.73

0.5

−5.9, 6.9

 Child

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Ever exposed

1.41

0.86–2.32

1.63*

0.98–2.70

8.2

2.2, 14.1

Injury

 Primary carerc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

0.79

0.31–2.04

0.79

0.29–2.14

−6.4

−25.7, 12.9

  Persistent (two waves)

1.84

0.67–5.00

1.52

0.53–4.37

6.5

−9.2, 22.1

 Familyc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

0.52

0.20–1.36

0.50

0.19–1.31

−16.7

−34.5, 1.1

  Persistent (two waves)

0.88

0.35–2.23

0.75

0.28–1.97

−4.9

−21.3, 11.5

 Child

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Ever exposed

1.07

0.46–2.50

0.88

0.35–2.21

−1.8

−14.5, 11.0

Asthma

 Primary carerc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

1.24

0.73–2.11

1.28

0.74–2.21

7.5

−4.6, 19.5

  Persistent (two waves)

2.65**

1.47–4.76

2.56**

1.40–4.69

17.2

7.8, 26.5

 Familyc

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Time-limited (one wave)

1.30

0.80–2.10

1.24

0.76–2.03

6.4

−5.3, 18.1

  Persistent (two waves)

1.32

0.76–2.30

1.17

0.66–2.07

3.1

−5.9, 12.0

 Child

  No exposure

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

..

..

  Ever exposed

1.77**

1.05–3.00

2.04**

1.19–3.48

13.2

5.6, 20.7

  1. aOR adjusted odds ratio, ** p value <0.05; * p value <0.10 (marginal statistical significance); PAR = population attributable risk
  2. Note: The table includes separate models for each of the three racism variables by six indicators of health. Models exclude records with missing data
  3. aModel 1 is adjusted for sex and age of the study child
  4. bModel 2 includes Model 1 variables as well as the age of the primary carer, level of relative isolation, primary carer education, and family financial strain
  5. c‘Time-limited’ is defined as exposure to racism in one wave only, while ‘Persistent’ includes exposure in multiple waves
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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