Measurement and decomposition of socioeconomic inequality in single and multimorbidity in older adults in China and Ghana: results from the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)

Kunna, Rasha; San Sebastian, Miguel; Stewart Williams, Jennifer

doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0578-y

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 2 Weighted proportions and marginal effects of determinants of single and multiple NCD morbidity, adults aged 50+, China (2008–2010) and Ghana (2008–2009), SAGE Wave

From: Measurement and decomposition of socioeconomic inequality in single and multimorbidity in older adults in China and Ghana: results from the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)

Determinants	China				Ghana
	Single Morbidity		Multimorbidity		Single Morbidity		Multimorbidity
	Weighted Proportion	Marginal Effect	Weighted Proportion	Marginal Effect	Weighted Proportion	Marginal Effect	Weighted Proportion	Marginal Effect
Sex
Male		Base		Base		Base		Base
Female	0.488	0.0018	0.517	0.0479	0.444	0.0396	0.480	0.0766*
Age
50-59		Base		Base		Base		Base
60-69	0.304	0.0881***	0.322	0.2145***	0.269	0.0408	0.275	0.0732*
70-79	0.152	0.1279***	0.199	0.3076***	0.215	0.0524	0.230	0.0793*
80+	0.033	0.1755***	0.043	0.3577***	0.086	0.0190	0.107	0.0998*
Residence
Urban		Base		Base		Base		Base
Rural	0.555	0.0787***	0.501	0.0385	0.607	−0.0423	0.611	−0.0349
Marital Status
Married/Cohabit		Base		Base		Base		Base
Unmarried	0.011	0.0330	0.009	−0.0120	0.013	−0.2216*	0.016	−0.1001
Widow/separated	0.123	0.0486**	0.136	0.0297	0.355	0.0483	0.405	0.1201***
Educational level
No school		Base		Base		Base		Base
< 6 years	0.199	−0.0017	0.186	−0.0036	0.101	0.0581	0.103	0.0558
Primary	0.220	−0.0175	0.216	−0.0187	0.121	0.0070	0.102	−0.0769
Secondary	0.206	0.0074	0.197	0.0103	0.042	−0.0138	0.040	−0.0580
High School	0.123	−0.0755**	0.128	−0.0688*	0.175	0.0528	0.162	0.0584
University/College	0.039	−0.0647*	0.044	−0.0501	0.040	0.0364	0.032	−0.0260
Wealth
Q5 richest		Base		Base		Base		Base
Q4	0.238	0.0180	0.232	0.0727***	0.203	−0.0151	0.211	0.0066
Q3	0.200	−0.0186	0.212	0.0685**	0.198	−0.0072	0.209	0.0251
Q2	0.181	−0.0113	0.193	0.0887**	0.187	−0.0445	0.206	−0.0279
Q1 poorest	0.162	0.0283	0.157	0.0978***	0.199	−0.0221	0.181	−0.1131*
Work Status
Never Worked		Base		Base		Base		Base
Currently working	0.488	0.0243	0.424	0.0174	0.737	−0.0255	0.680	0.1649
Currently not working	0.435	0.0605*	0.497	0.0957***	0.244	0.0013	0.306	0.3074**
Body Mass Index
Underweight		Base		Base		Base		Base
Normal	0.629	0.1541***	0.615	0.1765***	0.567	0.0528	0.564	0.0742*
Overweight	0.280	0.2967***	0.280	0.3771***	0.188	0.1800***	0.182	0.2469***
Obese	0.046	0.3582***	0.059	0.5082***	0.089	0.2164***	0.092	0.3181***
Physical Activity
High		Base		Base		Base		Base
Moderate	0.261	0.0090	0.276	0.0498**	0.123	−0.0196	0.122	−0.0436
Low	0.249	0.0022	0.287	0.0804***	0.232	−0.0153	0.249	−0.0373
Smoking
Non Smoker		Base		Base		Base		Base
Former Smoker	0.059	−0.0023	0.069	0.0913**	0.141	0.0582*	0.136	0.0886*
Current Smoker	0.026	−0.0801**	0.027	−0.0552	0.025	−0.0128	0.027	0.0450
Current Daily	0.296	−0.0427*	0.266	−0.0491	0.087	−0.0623	0.091	−0.0569
Alcohol Drinking
No		Base		Base		Base		Base
Yes	0.356	0.0437**	0.330	0.0465*	0.593	0.0058	0.579	−0.0144
Fruit/Veg Intake
Adequate		Base		Base		Base		Base
Inadequate	0.097	−0.0328	0.110	0.0053	0.655	−0.0694**	0.737	0.1063***

Marginal effects that differ significantly from zero (at p ≤ 0.05) are in bold typeface, * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001

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