Table 4 Impact of physician density on outpatient visits among patients with diabetes mellitus

 Physicians in PHCs

1.19 (1.02, 1.40)

0.027

1.25 (1.21, 1.29)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals

1.20 (1.08, 1.35)

<0.001

1.04 (1.01, 1.04)

<0.001

 PGDP

1.10 (1.04, 1.15)

<0.001

 Physicians in PHCs with PGDP

0.83 (0.73, 0.94)

0.003

 Physicians in hospitals with PGDP

1.15 (1.08, 1,24)

<0.001

 Physicians in PHCs

1.39 (1.29, 1.49)

<0.001

1.34 (1.17, 1.53)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

0.062

1.02 (1.01, 1.04)

<0.001

 PGDP

1.04 (0.98, 1.10)

0.170

 Physicians in PHCs with PGDP

0.73 (0.70, 0.77)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals with PGDP

0.99 (0.98, 1.02)

0.825

 Physicians in PHCs

1.13 (1.05, 1.21)

0.001

1.19 (1.15, 1.23)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals

1.04 (0.93, 1.16)

0.462

1.01 (1.00, 1.02)

0.015

 PGDP

1.23 (1.04, 1.46)

0.014

 Physicians in PHCs with PGDP

0.98 (0.98, 0.99)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals with PGDP

1.17 (1.06, 1.30)

0.002

 Physicians in PHCs

1.18 (1.01, 1.39)

0.037

1.23 (1.19, 1.28)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

0.069

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

<0.001

 PGDP

1.17 (1.03, 1.32)

0.012

 Physicians in PHCs with PGDP

0.92 (0.90, 0.95)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals with PGDP

0.99 (0.97, 1.02)

0.721

 Physicians in PHCs

1.33 (1.16, 1.51)

<0.001

1.40 (1.10, 1.78)

0.005

 Physicians in hospitals

1.02 (0.90, 1.16)

0.721

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

0.020

 PGDP

1.01 (0.90, 1.12)

0.896

 Physicians in PHCs with PGDP

0.87 (0.81, 0.94)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals with PGDP

1.08 (0.96, 1.22)

0.171

 Physicians in PHCs

1.45 (1.06, 1.99)

0.021

1.67 (1.38–2.02)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals

0.92 (0.56, 1.53)

0.762

0.93 (0.83–1.03)

0.156

 PGDP

0.97 (0.86, 1.10)

0.669

 Physicians in PHCs with PGDP

0.84 (0.80, 0.88)

<0.001

 Physicians in hospitals with PGDP

1.15 (0.99, 1.33)

0.071