Table 2 Risk of bias among 75 relationships from 34 included articles [40–70, 72, 73]
From: Social determinants of breast cancer in the Caribbean: a systematic review
Article (n = 34) | Relationship (n = 75) | Bias domain | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Endpoint | Social determinant | Confounding | Participant selection | Missing data | Measurement of outcomes | Selective reporting | OVERALL | |
Agyemang, 2009 [46] | Overweight/obesity | Ethnicity | Serious | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
Physical inactivity | Ethnicity | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Alvarez, 2009 [63] | Incidence | Residence | Serious | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
Block, 2012 [40] | Alcohol | Age | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Serious |
Physical inactivity | Age | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Serious | |
Blum, 2004 [41] | Alcohol | Religion | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Unclear |
Brathwaite, 2011 [47] | Overweight/obesity | Educationind | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Overweight/obesity | Educationmat | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Overweight/obesity | Educationpat | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Overweight/obesity | Income | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Overweight/obesity | Residence | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Overweight/obesity | Social household structure | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Bryan, 2012 [48] | Overweight/obesity | Incomeins | Serious | Low | Unclear | Serious | Low | Serious |
Chatman, 2004 [60] | Breastfeeding | Age | Low | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Serious |
Breastfeeding | Education | Low | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Serious | |
Breastfeeding | Income | Low | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Serious | |
Breastfeeding | Marital status | Low | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Serious | |
Breastfeeding | Occupation | Low | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Serious | |
Dubois, 2011 [49] | Overweight/obesity | SEP | Low | Unclear | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
Overweight/obesity | Social household structure | Moderate | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Ferguson, 2010 [50] | Overweight/obesity | Education | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Overweight/obesity | Occupation | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Grievink, 2004 [51] | Overweight/obesity | Education | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Overweight/obesity | Income | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
Overweight/obesity | Occupation | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
Hernández, 2013 [64] | Incidence | Residence | Serious | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
Ichinohe, 2005 [52] | Overweight/obesity | Education | Moderate | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Serious |
Overweight/obesity | Marital status | Moderate | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Serious | |
Joseph, 2014 [65] | Incident cases | Ethnicity | Moderate | Serious | Unclear | Low | Low | Serious |
Incident cases | Marital status | Serious | Serious | Unclear | Low | Low | Serious | |
Kim, 2007 [42] | Alcohol | Age | Moderate | Low | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Alcohol | Education | Moderate | Low | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Moderate | |
Alcohol | Marital status | Moderate | Low | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Moderate | |
Alcohol | Residence | Moderate | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Laborde, 2013 [53] | Overweight/obesity | Education | Serious | Moderate | Unclear | Serious | Low | Serious |
Overweight/obesity | Income | Serious | Moderate | Unclear | Serious | Low | Serious | |
Overweight/obesity | Marital status | Serious | Moderate | Unclear | Serious | Low | Serious | |
Latimer, 2004 [43] | Alcohol | Age | Moderate | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious | Serious |
Mendez, 2004 [54] | Overweight/obesity | Income | Moderate | Moderate | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
Morales, 2013 [66] | Incident cases | Education | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
Incident cases | Marital status | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Nam, 2012 [55] | Overweight/obesity | Education | Serious | Low | Serious | Low | Serious | Serious |
Overweight/obesity | Marital status | Serious | Low | Serious | Low | Serious | Serious | |
Overweight/obesity | Residence | Serious | Low | Serious | Low | Serious | Serious | |
Nemesure, 2009 [67] | Incident cases | Education | Moderate | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Serious |
Incident cases | Marital status | Moderate | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Serious | |
Incident cases | Occupation | Moderate | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Serious | |
Ohene, 2005 [44] | Alcohol | Age | Serious | Unclear | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Serious |
Pérez-Ríos, 2008 [61] | Breastfeeding | Age | Moderate | Unclear | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Breastfeeding | Education | Moderate | Unclear | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | |
Breastfeeding | Marital status | Moderate | Unclear | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | |
Breastfeeding | Occupation | Moderate | Unclear | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | |
Rivera-Lugo, 2007 [62] | Breastfeeding | Age | Moderate | Serious | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Serious |
Breastfeeding | Education | Moderate | Serious | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Serious | |
Breastfeeding | Income | Moderate | Serious | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Serious | |
Breastfeeding | Marital status | Moderate | Serious | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Serious | |
Santana, 2011 [72] | Mortality | Residence | Serious | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
Shirley, 2010 [68] | Incident cases | Residence | Serious | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
Sinnapah, 2009 [56] | Overweight/obesity | Ethnicity | Serious | Low | Moderate | Unclear | Serious | Serious |
Physical inactivity | Ethnicity | Serious | Low | Moderate | Unclear | Serious | Serious | |
Sinnapah, 2009 [57] | Overweight/obesity | Ethnicity | Serious | Serious | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
Physical inactivity | Ethnicity | Serious | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious | Serious | |
Sinnapah, 2009 [58] | Overweight/obesity | Ethnicity | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Taioli, 2012 [73] | Mortality | Ethnicity | Moderate | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
Torres, 2007 [69] | Incidence | Residence | Serious | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
Torres-Cintrón, 2010 | Incidence | Residence | Moderate | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
Mortality | Residence | Moderate | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate | |
Tull, 2005 [59] | Overweight/obesity | Ethnicity | Serious | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Serious |
van Leeuwaarde, 2011 [72] | Incidence | Ethnicity | Serious | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
Varona, 2011 [45] | Alcohol | Age | Moderate | Low | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Alcohol | Education | Serious | Low | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Unclear | |
Alcohol | Ethnicity | Serious | Low | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Unclear | |
Alcohol | Income | Serious | Low | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Unclear | |
Alcohol | Marital status | Serious | Low | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Unclear | |
Alcohol | Occupation | Serious | Low | Unclear | Moderate | Low | Unclear | |