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Table 2 Odd Ratios of being severely disabled among older adults in South Africa (unadjusted and adjusted models)

From: The impact of multi-morbidity on disability among older adults in South Africa: do hypertension and socio-demographic characteristics matter?

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Variable

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Number of chronic diseases

 None

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 One

2.236**

1.394–3.586

2.387***

1.468–3.884

2.413***

1.509–3.861

2.330**

1.422–3.820

4.254**

1.668–10.848

 Two or more

3.288***

1.866–5.794

3.417***

1.891–6.176

3.559***

1.919–6.600

3.272***

1.681–6.373

6.641***

2.226–19.814

Age (years)

 50–59

  

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 60–69

  

3.797***

2.225–6.481

4.238***

2.336–7.689

4.187***

2.308–7.596

4.412***

2.417–8.052

 70 plus

  

8.935***

5.193–15.375

11.963***

6.250–22.901

11.669***

6.111–22.284

12.592***

6.538–24.251

Sex

 Male

  

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Female

  

1.043

0.653–1.664

0.887

0.511–1.540

0.862

0.508–1.462

0.855

0.501–1.459

Ethnicity

 Black

  

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 White

  

0.241**

0.096–0.601

0.396

0.122–1.281

0.400

0.120–1.339

0.437

0.135–1.413

 Coloured

  

0.504*

0.262–0.969

1.454

0.778–2.720

1.452

0.774–2.726

1.513

0.804–2.848

 Indian/Asian

  

1.376

0.599–3.165

0.898

0.334–2.410

0.906

0.338–2.425

0.966

0.354–2.634

Marital status

 Never married

    

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Married/cohabiting

    

1.050

0.489–2.254

1.059

0.497–2.259

0.942

0.451–1.965

 Separated/widowed/divorced

    

1.241

0.635–2.424

1.250

0.642–2.436

1.110

0.571–2.159

Education

 None or less than primary

    

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Primary

    

1.183

0.719–1.947

1.197

0.730–1.962

1.159

0.707–1.899

 Secondary or higher

    

0.528

0.249–1.118

0.524

0.248–1.105

0.536

0.260–1.107

Wealth

 Poorest

    

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Poor

    

0.827

0.435–1.570

0.829

0.440–1.156

1.676

0.729–3.854

 Middle

    

0.357**

0.194–0.658

0.352**

0.191–0.646

0.395

0.153–1.024

 Rich

    

0.331**

0.172–0.635

0.329**

0.172–0.630

0.357**

0.141–0.905

 Richest

    

0.428

0.181–1.012

0.424

0.180–1.000

0.632

0.187–2.133

Residence

 Urban

    

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Rural

    

0.971

0.589–1.602

0.975

0.589–1.614

0.943

0.575–1.544

Region

 Eastern Cape

    

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Free State

    

5.785***

2.492–13.433

5.708***

2.475–13.161

5.517***

2.372–12.835

 Gauteng

    

2.562*

1.153–5.695

2.418*

1.091–5.358

2.384*

1.077–5.275

 KwaZulu-Natal

    

17.398***

8.546–35.419

16.901***

8.358–34.176

16.768***

8.265–34.019

 Limpopo

    

9.612***

4.369–21.146

9.468***

4.305–20.824

9.182***

4.142–20.358

 Mpumalanga

    

5.635***

2.198–14.446

5.728***

2.247–14.602

5.546**

2.048–15.019

 North-West

    

1.887

0.902–3.948

1.858

0.884–3.902

1.891

0.905–3.955

 Northern Cape

    

4.192***

1.961–8.961

4.107***

1.919–8.792

3.953**

1.811–8.507

 Western Cape

    

1.785

0.709–4.495

1.753

0.697–4.414

1.743

0.708–4.296

Hypertension

 No

      

1

 

1

 

 Hypertension diagnosed

      

1.365

0.749–2.489

1.378

0.753–2.523

 Measured but not diagnosed

      

1.157

0.684–1.956

1.179

0.692–2.007

Wealth*no of chronic conditions

 Poor*one chronic disease

        

0.150**

0.040–0.559

 Poor* two plus chronic diseases

        

0.311

0070–1.382

 Middle*one chronic disease

        

1.193

0.326–4.366

 Middle*two plus chronic diseases

        

0.287

0.0522–1.573

 Rich*one chronic disease

        

0.802

0.199–3.236

 Rich*two plus chronic diseases

        

0.578

0.107–3.200

 Richest*one chronic disease

        

0.357

0.077–1.648

 Richest*two chronic diseases

        

0.476

0.076–2.960

  1. *p value <0.05; **p value < 0.01; ***p value < 0.001