Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
Number of chronic diseases | ||||||||||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
One | 2.236** | 1.394–3.586 | 2.387*** | 1.468–3.884 | 2.413*** | 1.509–3.861 | 2.330** | 1.422–3.820 | 4.254** | 1.668–10.848 |
Two or more | 3.288*** | 1.866–5.794 | 3.417*** | 1.891–6.176 | 3.559*** | 1.919–6.600 | 3.272*** | 1.681–6.373 | 6.641*** | 2.226–19.814 |
Age (years) | ||||||||||
50–59 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
60–69 | 3.797*** | 2.225–6.481 | 4.238*** | 2.336–7.689 | 4.187*** | 2.308–7.596 | 4.412*** | 2.417–8.052 | ||
70 plus | 8.935*** | 5.193–15.375 | 11.963*** | 6.250–22.901 | 11.669*** | 6.111–22.284 | 12.592*** | 6.538–24.251 | ||
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Female | 1.043 | 0.653–1.664 | 0.887 | 0.511–1.540 | 0.862 | 0.508–1.462 | 0.855 | 0.501–1.459 | ||
Ethnicity | ||||||||||
Black | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
White | 0.241** | 0.096–0.601 | 0.396 | 0.122–1.281 | 0.400 | 0.120–1.339 | 0.437 | 0.135–1.413 | ||
Coloured | 0.504* | 0.262–0.969 | 1.454 | 0.778–2.720 | 1.452 | 0.774–2.726 | 1.513 | 0.804–2.848 | ||
Indian/Asian | 1.376 | 0.599–3.165 | 0.898 | 0.334–2.410 | 0.906 | 0.338–2.425 | 0.966 | 0.354–2.634 | ||
Marital status | ||||||||||
Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Married/cohabiting | 1.050 | 0.489–2.254 | 1.059 | 0.497–2.259 | 0.942 | 0.451–1.965 | ||||
Separated/widowed/divorced | 1.241 | 0.635–2.424 | 1.250 | 0.642–2.436 | 1.110 | 0.571–2.159 | ||||
Education | ||||||||||
None or less than primary | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Primary | 1.183 | 0.719–1.947 | 1.197 | 0.730–1.962 | 1.159 | 0.707–1.899 | ||||
Secondary or higher | 0.528 | 0.249–1.118 | 0.524 | 0.248–1.105 | 0.536 | 0.260–1.107 | ||||
Wealth | ||||||||||
Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Poor | 0.827 | 0.435–1.570 | 0.829 | 0.440–1.156 | 1.676 | 0.729–3.854 | ||||
Middle | 0.357** | 0.194–0.658 | 0.352** | 0.191–0.646 | 0.395 | 0.153–1.024 | ||||
Rich | 0.331** | 0.172–0.635 | 0.329** | 0.172–0.630 | 0.357** | 0.141–0.905 | ||||
Richest | 0.428 | 0.181–1.012 | 0.424 | 0.180–1.000 | 0.632 | 0.187–2.133 | ||||
Residence | ||||||||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Rural | 0.971 | 0.589–1.602 | 0.975 | 0.589–1.614 | 0.943 | 0.575–1.544 | ||||
Region | ||||||||||
Eastern Cape | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Free State | 5.785*** | 2.492–13.433 | 5.708*** | 2.475–13.161 | 5.517*** | 2.372–12.835 | ||||
Gauteng | 2.562* | 1.153–5.695 | 2.418* | 1.091–5.358 | 2.384* | 1.077–5.275 | ||||
KwaZulu-Natal | 17.398*** | 8.546–35.419 | 16.901*** | 8.358–34.176 | 16.768*** | 8.265–34.019 | ||||
Limpopo | 9.612*** | 4.369–21.146 | 9.468*** | 4.305–20.824 | 9.182*** | 4.142–20.358 | ||||
Mpumalanga | 5.635*** | 2.198–14.446 | 5.728*** | 2.247–14.602 | 5.546** | 2.048–15.019 | ||||
North-West | 1.887 | 0.902–3.948 | 1.858 | 0.884–3.902 | 1.891 | 0.905–3.955 | ||||
Northern Cape | 4.192*** | 1.961–8.961 | 4.107*** | 1.919–8.792 | 3.953** | 1.811–8.507 | ||||
Western Cape | 1.785 | 0.709–4.495 | 1.753 | 0.697–4.414 | 1.743 | 0.708–4.296 | ||||
Hypertension | ||||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Hypertension diagnosed | 1.365 | 0.749–2.489 | 1.378 | 0.753–2.523 | ||||||
Measured but not diagnosed | 1.157 | 0.684–1.956 | 1.179 | 0.692–2.007 | ||||||
Wealth*no of chronic conditions | ||||||||||
Poor*one chronic disease | 0.150** | 0.040–0.559 | ||||||||
Poor* two plus chronic diseases | 0.311 | 0070–1.382 | ||||||||
Middle*one chronic disease | 1.193 | 0.326–4.366 | ||||||||
Middle*two plus chronic diseases | 0.287 | 0.0522–1.573 | ||||||||
Rich*one chronic disease | 0.802 | 0.199–3.236 | ||||||||
Rich*two plus chronic diseases | 0.578 | 0.107–3.200 | ||||||||
Richest*one chronic disease | 0.357 | 0.077–1.648 | ||||||||
Richest*two chronic diseases | 0.476 | 0.076–2.960 |