Socioeconomic inequalities in dental health among middle-aged adults and the role of behavioral and psychosocial factors: evidence from the Spanish National Health Survey

Capurro, Diego Alberto; Davidsen, Michael

doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0529-7

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Associations between SEP and reporting four or five dental problems—adults ages 30 – 64 years

From: Socioeconomic inequalities in dental health among middle-aged adults and the role of behavioral and psychosocial factors: evidence from the Spanish National Health Survey

	Model 1^a		Model 2^b		Model 3^c		Model 4^d
	OR (CI_95%)	p	OR (CI_95%)	p	OR (CI_95%)	p	OR (CI_95%)	p
Level of Education
University^e	----	---	----	---	----	---	----	---
Secondary	2.33 (1.80–3.01)	.000	2.05 (1.58–2.66)	.000	1.96 (1.59–2.33)	.000	1.62 (1.26–1.97)	.000
Primary	3.69 (2.86–4.77)	.000	2.82 (2.16–3.67)	.000	2.57 (2.14–3.00)	.000	1.89 (1.48–2.29)	.000
No formal education	6.54 (4.80–8.91)	.000	4.58 (3.31–6.34)	.000	4.38 (3.68–5.08)	.000	2.94 (2.31–3.57)	.000
	n = 17,267 (98%)		n = 16,920 (96%)		n = 16,198 (92%)
	F–adjusted = 0.66 (p = 0.746)		F–adjusted = 0.95 (p = 0.481)		F-adjusted = 1.06 (p = 0.388)
	log pseudolikelihood = −6741427.9		log pseudolikelihood = −6364312.7		log pseudolikelihood = −5910612.5
	Model 1^a		Model 2^b		Model 3^c
	OR (CI_95%)	p	OR (CI_95%)	p	OR (CI_95%)	p
Household Equivalent
Income	----	---	----	---	----	---	----	---
Quartile 4 (highest)^e	1.68 (1.37–1.98)	.000	1.54 (1.24–1.84)	.000	1.49 (1.19–1.79)	.002	1.25 (0.96–1.53)	.089
Quartile 3	2.20 (1.82–2.58)	.000	1.80 (1.45–2.15)	.000	1.73 (1.40–2.07)	.000	1.35 (1.05–1.65)	.022
Quartile 2	3.62 (3.17–4.07)	.000	2.77 (2.36–3.18)	.000	2.46 (2.06–2.87)	.000	1.80 (1.43–2.16)	.000
Quartile 1
	n = 17,332 (98%)		n = 16,979 (96%)		n = 16,246 (92%)
	log pseudolikelihood = −6807884.4		log pseudolikelihood = −6413004.9		log pseudolikelihood = −5969405.4
	F-adjusted = 0.56 (p = 0.827)		F-adjusted = 0.99 (p = 0.445)		F-adjusted = 0.95 (p = 0.480)
Occupational class
I (highest)^e	----	---	----	---	----	---	----	---
II	1.56 (1.06–2.31)	.025	1.37 (0.92–2.04)	.121	1.35 (0.88–1.82)	.142	1.09 (0.67–1.51)	.674
III	2.08 (1.48–2.93)	.000	1.78 (1.26–2.52)	.002	1.60 (1.15–2.04)	.009	1.10 (0.73–1.48)	.587
IV	2.94 (2.13–4.07)	.000	2.27 (1.63–3.17)	.000	2.13 (1.63–2.62)	.000	1.26 (0.86–1.65)	.208
V	3.61 (2.53–5.16)	.000	2.55 (1.77–3.66)	.000	2.35 (1.77–2.92)	.000	1.25 (0.81–1.69)	.270
	n = 17,111 (97%)		n = 16,778 (95%)		n = 16,068 (91%)		n = 16,023 (91%)
	log pseudolikelihood = −6790156.0		log pseudolikelihood = −6382456.4		log pseudolikelihood = −5941464.8		log pseudolikelihood = −5823027.6
	F-adjusted = 0.28 (p = 0.979)		F-adjusted = 0.60 (p = 0.798)		F-adjusted = 0.90 (p = 0.527)		F-adjusted = 1.52 (p = 0.137)

Models 1, 2 and 3 were built separately for each indicator of SEP. Model 4 is one single model with the three indicators of SEP included simultaneously
^aModel 1: adjusted by demographic variables (age in groups, sex, area of residence, and marital status)
^bModel 2: adjusted by demographic and behavioral variables (smoking, sweet and sweetened beverage intake, toothbrushing, and dental visits)
^cModel 3: adjusted by demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial variables (mental health, social support, family function, work-related stress, and job satisfaction. Work-related stress and job satisfaction with imputed data)
^dModel 4: adjusted by demographic, behavioral, psychosocial, and socioeconomic variables (income, work-related stress, and job satisfaction with imputed data). To avoid multicollinearity, the degree of correlation between socioeconomic variables was measured. The highest correlation found (between education and occupational class) was moderate (Spearman’s rho = 0.47; p < 0.001)
^eReference category

Back to article page

ISSN: 1475-9276

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com