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Table 2 Distribution of people reporting four or five dental problems by socioeconomic, behavioral and psychosocial variables— adults ages 30 – 64 years

From: Socioeconomic inequalities in dental health among middle-aged adults and the role of behavioral and psychosocial factors: evidence from the Spanish National Health Survey

 

≥4 dental problems

n

% (CI 95%)

Level of education+

 

No formal education

232

21.9 (18.8–25.5)

 

Primary

730

13.6 (12.4–14.9)

 

Secondary

560

8.9 (8.0–10.0)

 

University

127

4.0 (3.2–5.0)

Equivalent net income+a

 

Quartile 1

576

16.4 (14.7–18.2)

 

Quartile 2

419

10.8 (9.4–12.3)

 

Quartile 3

423

8.4 (7.4–9.5)

 

Quartile 4 (highest)

237

5.2 (4.3–6.1)

Occupational class+

 

I (highest)

83

4.4 (3.3–5.9)

 

II

117

6.7 (5.3–8.5)

 

III

356

9.0 (7.9–10.4)

 

IV

784

12.2 (11.1–13.4)

 

V

290

14.5 (12.5–16.8)

Frequency of sweet consumption per week+

 

Less than three times

904

10.9 (10.0–11.9)

 

Three times or more

161

7.5 (6.2–9.2)

 

Daily

579

10.4 (9.3–11.5)

Frequency of sweet beverage consumption per week+

 

Less than three times

1,208

9.4 (8.7–10.2)

 

Three times or more

140

12.1 (9.8–14.9)

 

Daily

296

13.7 (11.7–15.9)

Smoking+

 

Never

692

8.9 (8.0–9.8)

 

Former

414

11.7 (10.4–13.3)

 

Current

549

10.8 (9.7–12.1)

Frequency of toothbrushing+

 

At least twice a day

866

7.6 (6.9–8.3)

 

Once a day

461

12.5 (11.1–13.9)

 

Less than once a day

309

24.5 (21.4–27.8)

Dental visits in the last 12 months+

 

Yes

562

8.6 (7.7–9.6)

 

No

1,093

11.3 (10.5–12.2)

Psychological distress+

 

Good

1,186

8.9 (8.3–9.7)

 

Fair

261

16.5 (14.1–19.3)

 

Poor

160

21.0 (17.5–25.0)

Social support+

 

Good

1,297

9.7 (9.0–10.5)

 

Fair

272

14.0 (12.1–16.2)

 

Poor

43

22.3 (15.4–31.2)

Family function+

 

Good

1,444

9.9 (9.2–10.6)

 

Fair

131

15.0 (12.0–18.6)

 

Poor

47

24.0 (16.7–33.4)

Work-related stressa

 

Low

541

9.88 (8.53–11.23)

 

Moderate

716

9.82 (8.80–10.84)

 

High

398

11.55 (9.95–13.15)

Job satisfaction+a

 

High

547

8.41 (7.26–9.57)

 

Moderate

753

10.81 (9.75–11.87)

 

Low

355

12.79 (10.88–14.70)

  1. aEstimates calculated with multiply imputed data
  2. + p < .005