Table 2 Distribution of government healthcare subsidy (GHS) by income quintiles, concentration index (CI), and Kakwani index (KI)

2002

Urban (A)

poorest 20%

4.93%

13.75%

11.33%

13.11%

2nd poorest

8.51%

14.58%

14.43%

14.54%

3rd

12.69%

23.26%

24.89%

23.70%

2nd richest

19.64%

24.24%

18.74%

22.78%

richest 20%

54.23%

24.17%

30.61%

25.88%

Gini/CI

0.5805^b

0.1527^b

0.2036^a

0.1662^b

(SE)

(0.0092)

(0.0549)

(0.0732)

(0.0469)

KI

-

−0.4278^a

−0.3769^a

−0.4143^a

(SE)

(0.0559)

(0.0739)

(0.0480)

Dominance test

-against 45⁰ line

D -

D -

D -

D +

D +

D +

Rural (B)

poorest 20%

8.05%

10.76%

7.43%

9.59%

2nd poorest

12.41%

11.77%

11.03%

11.51%

3rd

16.45%

19.42%

17.35%

18.69%

2nd richest

22.11%

30.04%

17.46%

25.64%

richest 20%

40.98%

28.01%

46.74%

34.56%

Gini/CI

0.3921^b

0.2664^a

0.4497^a

0.3305^b

(SE)

(0.0041)

(0.0924)

(0.1373)

(0.0778)

KI

-

−0.1257^a

0.0576^a

−0.0616^a

(SE)

(0.0924)

(0.1371)

(0.0777)

Dominance test

-against 45⁰ line

D -

D -

D -

none

none

none

2007

Urban (C)

poorest 20%

7.70%

13.36%

8.77%

10.77%

2nd poorest

11.88%

20.60%

8.72%

13.89%

3rd

16.06%

14.91%

13.76%

14.26%

2nd richest

21.86%

21.83%

27.41%

24.98%

richest 20%

42.51%

29.30%

41.34%

36.10%

Gini/CI

0.4154^b

0.1581^a

0.4433^a

0.3193^b

(SE)

(0.0049)

(0.0513)

(0.0789)

(0.0513)

KI

-

−0.2572^a

0.0280^a

−0.0961^a

(SE)

(0.0515)

(0.0790)

(0.0514)

Dominance test

-against 45⁰ line

none

D -

D -

D +

none

none

Rural (D)

poorest 20%

9.03%

13.73%

5.36%

8.88%

2nd poorest

13.31%

16.42%

7.68%

11.36%

3rd

17.07%

18.57%

16.97%

17.65%

2nd richest

22.10%

22.40%

20.95%

21.56%

richest 20%

38.49%

28.88%

49.04%

40.55%

Gini/CI

0.3507^b

0.2006^a

0.5375^a

0.3957^b

(SE)

(0.0032)

(0.0506)

(0.0652)

(0.0449)

KI

-

−0.1501^a

0.1868^a

0.0450^a

(SE)

(0.0506)

(0.0650)

(0.0447)

Dominance test

-against 45⁰ line

D -

D -

D -

none

D -

none

Inequality difference

Δ(Urban–rural)

2002 (A-B)

-

−0.3021

−0.4346

−0.3527

Dominance test

none

none

none

2007 (C-D)

-

−0.1071

−0.1589

−0.1411

Dominance test

none

none

none

Δ(2007–2002)

Urban (C-A)

-

0.1706

0.4049

0.3182

Dominance test

none

none

none

Rural (D-B)

-

−0.0244

0.1292

0.1065

Dominance test

none

none

none